Table 3.

Antineoplastic activity of cyclitols in colon cancer.

Study	Clinical Status	Human/Animal Species	Cyclitol	Results
Shamsuddin et al. (1988) [48]	AOM-induced colon cancer	Rat	IP6	Significant reduction of tumor incidence in the IP6-treated group Significantly lower mitotic rate in the IP6-treated group
Shamsuddin et al. (1989) [56]	AOM-induced colon cancer	Rat	IP6	Even though the treatment with IP6 was introduced five months after carcinogen administration, there was a significant reduction in the number of tumors and tumor volume, and a lower mitotic rate was observed
Baten et al. (1989) [50]	DMH-induced colon cancer	Mouse	IP6	Significant increase in NK activity after IP6, Ins, and Ins + IP6 treatment Increased NK activity was correlated with reduced tumor incidence
Ullah et al. (1990) [57]	AOM-induced colon cancer	Rat	IP6	Supplementation with 1% IP6 in drinking water reduced tumor prevalence by 52.2%, frequency by 55.8%, and size by 62.3% 0.1% IP6 significantly reduced tumor size (by 71%)
Pretlow et al. (1992) [49]	AOM-induced colon cancer	Rat	IP6	Decreased incidence of tumors—25% in a group treated with IP6 versus 83% in a control group (p = 0.0045)
Yang et al. (1995) [52]	HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells		IP6	Statistically significant growth inhibition at 1 mM IP6 concentration and significant inhibition of DNA synthesis Decreased level of proliferation marker PCNA after 48 h
Shivapurkar et al. (1995) [29]	AOM-induced colon cancer	Rat	IP6	Significant reduction of colon tumor incidence at both 11 and 32 weeks of the experiment.
Challa et al. (1997) [58]	AOM-induced colon cancer	Rat	IP6	IP6 significantly reduced the incidence of aberrant crypt foci A synergy effect between IP6 and green tea was observed in reducing tumor multiplicity (especially with 2% of IP6 and 2% of green tea)
El-Sherbiny et al. (2001) [33]	HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells		IP6	Treatment with IP6 decreased S phase and arrest cells in the G0/G1 phase Significant decrease in the percentage of Ki-67 expression in IP6-treated cells (p < 0.01)
Zhang et al. (2005) [51]	DMH-induced colon cancer	Rat	IP6	Significant increase in blood NK activity in the IP6-treated group Significant reduction in the multiplicity and size of tumors in the IP6-treated group Significantly higher survival rate in the IP6-treated group
Liu et al. (2015) [53]	HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells		IP6	Significant inhibition of proliferation after exposure to IP6 (for 12 and 24 h) Significant reduction of expression of PI3K, Akt, and pAkt in IP6-treated cells Significant increase in the expression of caspase-9 in IP6-treated cells
Kapral et al. (2017) [54]	Colon cancer Caco-2 cells		IP6	Proliferation inhibition after 24 h incubation in 1–10 mM IP6 (p < 0.05); after 48 h incubation proliferation inhibition was statistically significant in 5–10 mM IP6 Higher apoptotic index in IP6-treated cells compared to the controls Higher expression of p21Waf1/Cip1 and higher Caspase-3 activity in IP6-treated cells Reduction of AKT-1 activity and p70S6K in IP6-treated cells
Schröterová et al. (2018) [55]	Colon cancer SW620 cells		IP6	Significant decrease in cell migration at all IP6 concentrations (dose-dependent) Significant decrease in the levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 after 12, 24, and 48 h exposure to all IP6 concentrations Decreased level of I-Cam1 after 12 and 24 h exposure to 1 mM IP6 and decreased level of EpCam after 48 h exposure to 1 mM IP6, decreased level of N-cadherin after 12 and 48 h exposure to all IP6 concentrations