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Cellular and molecular pathogenesis of AGE–RAGE axis activation in inducing microvascular endothelial cell damage, tissue inflammation, immune dysfunction, tissue fibrosis, and retinopathy. RPEC: retinal pigmented epithelial cell; ROS: reactive oxygen species; RNI: reactive nitrogen intermediates; ICAM: intercellular adhesion molecule; VEGF: vascular endothelial cell growth factor.
