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Metabolic and molecular mechanisms of AGE–RAGE axis activation in development of diabetic arteriosclerosis. DPP4: dipeptidyl peptidase 4; GIP-1: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide-1; GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cell; ILK: integrin-linked kinase; α-SMA: α-smooth muscle actin; OPN: osteopontin.
