Table 1.

Factors affecting advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation.

○ Endogenous factors:

Aging [1,2,3,4]

Hyperglycemia [4,7,40,41]

Obesity [48,49]

Autoimmune and inflammatory reactions [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,66]

Chronic renal insufficiency [51,52,55,56,57]

Glyoxalase I and II deficiency [59,60]

Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation [71,72,73,74,75,76]

○ Environmental factors:

Dietary AGEs [28,30]

UV light and ionizing radiation [28]

Air population [28] Cigarette smoking [88,89,90,91,92]