Table 4.

Novel medicines and phytochemicals acting as new therapeutic strategies in treatment of diabetes-induced cardiovascular disease and retinopathy.

Molecules or Phytochemicals	Mode of Action
Diabetic cardiovascular disease:
[1] Statins, telmisartan, and phytochemical curcumin [131]	─Inhibit RAGE expression
[2] Statins, AGE inhibitors, rosiglitazone, vitamin D [131]	─Enhance sRAGE formation
[3] Alageberium (AGE crosslink breaker) [142]	─Attenuates MGO and AGE formation in rat cardiomyocytes
[4] Phytochemical sulforophane [143]	─Suppresses RAGE expression in AGE-exposed rat aorta and HUVEC
[5] Dipeptide L-carnosine [144]	─Attenuates blood sugar, TG, AGE, and TNF-α levels in Type 2 DM
[6] Phytochemical myoinositol hexaphosphate [145]	─Chelates cationic metal-catalyzed protein glycation
[7] Phytochemical quercetin, sulforaphane, iridoids, and curcumin [146]	─Protect endothelial cells, blood vessels, and heart
Diabetic retinopathy:
[1] Phytochemical 5′-methoxyliphenyl- 3,4,3′-triol [150]	─Suppresses AGE-induced retinal vascular leakage ─Suppresses VEGF production to prevent neovascularization ─Decreases eye occluding loss.
[2] Phytochemical (-)-epicaterchin [152,153]	─Traps MGO ─AGE breaker