Skip to main content
. 2020 Nov 26;21(23):8981. doi: 10.3390/ijms21238981

Table A1.

Summary of dietary stimulators of GLUT4 expression, translocation, and physiological adaptions of skeletal muscle in in vitro and in vivo experimental models.

Compound Model Protein Expression Glucose Uptake (GU)/
Blood Glucose (BG)/
Insulin Sensitivity (IS)
Additional Findings Treatment Reference
Chlorogenic
acid
L6 myotubes GLUT4 GU ↑ PPARγ protein 25 μM for 5 h: cytotoxicity > (50 μM) [63]
Cinnamon
and
extracts
C2C12 myotubes p-AMPK GU 100 or 1000 μg/mL for 3 h [64]
C2C12 myotubes 30 μg/mL for 4 h [65]
Wistar rats (WR) (gastrocnemius
muscle)
GLUT4 ↑ NEFA (serum),
↓ serum creatine
↑ GLUT4
30 mg/kg/day for 22 days [66]
C57BL/6J mice BG ↓ NEFA (serum),
↓ LDL-C, ↓ insulin
Overnight fast.
400 mg/kg/day for 21 days
[67]
db/db mice BG ↓ NEFA (serum)
↓ fasting blood glucose level
6 h fast.
400 mg/kg/day for
14 days
C57BL/6J mice BG ↑ IRS-1, IR protein Overnight fast.
150 mg/kg/day for 14 days
[68]
C57BLKS/J db/db mice BG ↑ HDL-C levels (serum)
↓ p-Akt,
Upregulated mRNA GLUT4
↑ p-Akt
20 mg/kg/day (p.o.) for 4 weeks [69]
Curcumin C2C12 myotubes p-Akt, p-AMPK ↑ p-ACC protein
↑ GU
↑ GLUT4 translocation
↑ p-AMPK
↑ p-ACC
↑ p-Akt (insulin-induced)
40 μM for 24 h: cytotoxicity > 40 μM
40 µM for 1 h
[70]
WR (soleus muscle) p-AMPK BG 1 μM for 30 min or 60 mg/kg [71]
C2C12 cells ↑ GU
↓ p-IRS-1
↓ p-ACC
↑ p-Akt
↑ p-ERK1/2
↑ p-p38 MAPK
20 µM for 2 h [72]
C2 murine myoblasts ↑ Apoptosis
↓ Cell viability
↑ PARP fragmentation
↑ p-JNK
50 µM for 24 h [73]
L6myc skeletal muscle cells ↑ GLUT4 translocation
↑ p-Akt
↑ p-GSK-3β
↓ TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 levels
↑ IL-10 levels
25 µM for 16 h [74]
ECGC L6 myotubes p-Akt, p-AMPK GU 40 μM for 3 h [75]
SD rats (soleus
muscle)
12 h fast.
75 mg/kg for 1 h, or
100 nM for 15 min
[29]
C57BL/6 mice (soleus
muscle)
12 h fast.
75 mg/kg for 1 h, or
100 nM for 15 min
L6 myotubes GU 100 nM for 15 min
C2C12 myotubes p-Akt, p-AMPK ↑ p-p38 MAPK,
↑ p-ACC
20 μM up to 72 h: treatment not
cytotoxic up to 48 h
[72]
L6 myotube GLUT4 ↑ PI3K,
↓ PKC λ/ξ
↑ GLUT4 RNA,
↑ Rac1
1 nM [76]
ICR mice GLUT4, PI3K, p-AMPK ↑ GLUT4,
glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle
Oral administration postprandial hyperglycemia
C2C12 myotubes
(ßGlud1−/−)
p-AMPK ↑ p-AMPK,
↑ GU,
↑ IS
20 µM EGCG for 10 min [77]
Ellagic acid 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes GLUT4, p-AMPK GU ↑ GLUT4
↑ p-AMPK
↑ p-ERK1/2
↑ p-PKC ζ/λ
50 μg/mL for 1 h
1, 10, 100, 500 nM
[33]
Ferulic acid L6 myotubes GLUT4 GU ↑ PI3K protein 5 μM for 5 h: cytotoxicity > (50 μM) [63]
Gingerol L6 myotubes GU 40 μg/mL for 48 h: treatment not cytotoxic [78]
Naringenin L6 myotubes p-AMPK GU 150 μM for 2 h [79]
Quercetin ob/ob mice
(gastrocnemius
muscle)
GLUT4 BG, IS ↑ GLUT4 RNA,
↓ TNF-α,
↓ iNOS RNA,
↓ NF κB activation
30 mg/kg alternating days for 10 weeks [80]
L6 myotubes p-Akt GU 200 μM for 48 h
Kunming mice
(gastrocnemius
muscle)
GLUT4, p-AMPK BG ↑ p-ACC,
↓ blood triacylglycerol,
↓ total cholesterol,
12-h fast.
5, 10, 20 mg/kg/day
for 13 weeks
[81]
C2C12 myotubes GLUT4, p-AMPK GU ↑ PPARα, ACC, MCAD, CPT-1, GLUT4, PGC-1α RNA,
p-ACC protein
10 μM for 24 h: treatment not
cytotoxic
C2C12 myotubes GU ↑ p-ACC protein 100 μM for 18 h [81]
C2C12 myotubes p-AMPK GU enhanced glucose uptake
by 38–59%
stimulated uptake by 37%,
stimulated the AMPK pathway (25–100 mM)
inhibited ATP synthase (in mitochondria) by 34 and 79%
quercetin-3-O-glycosides (50 mM; 18 h treatment) in the absence of insulin
quercetin aglycone and
quercetin glycosides
quercetin aglycone by
25 and 100 mM
[82]
L6 myotubes CaMKKβ/AMPK, IRS1/PI3K/Akt
JAK/STAT
GU ↑ GU (0.1 nM and 1 nM quercetin or 1 nM isorhamnetin)
↑ JAK/STAT (1 nM and 10 nM isorhamnetin)
↑ p-AMPK (quercetin)
↑ JAK2/STAT (isorhamnetin)
↑ IRS-1 (at 10 nM)
[34]
ICR mice GLUT4 GU quercetin aglycone form were 4.95 and 6.80 nM (plasma concentration) 10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg body weight
Resveratrol L6 myotubes p-AMPK GU 100 μM for 4 h [83]
db/db mice BG ↑ Glucose tolerance 5 mg/mL/100g body weight for 3 weeks †
SD rats (soleus
muscle)
GU, BR Overnight fast.
10 mg/kg/day for 16 weeks
[84]
C2C12 myotubes GU 10 μM for 24 h
L6 myotubes p-AMPK GU 100 μM for 2 h:
cell morphology
unaltered up to 125 μM
[85]
SD rats (soleus
muscle)
GU ↑ p-ERα,
↑ p-IR,
↓ serum cholesterol,
↓ triglycerides, ↓ uric acid
1 mg/kg/day for 15 days or 15 weeks [86]
C2C12 myotubes p-Akt GU ↑ p-ERα,
↑ p-p38 MAPK,
↑ p-ERK,
↑ p-IR
0.1 μM for 14 h: treatment not
cytotoxic
WR (soleus muscle) GLUT4, p-Akt BG ↑ PEPCK Overnight fast.
0.05–10 mg/kg/day for 7 days
[87]
C2C12 myotubes GU 30 μM for 30min
C2C12 myocytes p-AMPK ↑ PGC-1α RNA 50 μM for 24 h: cytotoxicity > (50 μM) [88]
SIRT1 knockout mice BG, IS ↓Mitochondrial content and respiration 100 mg/kg day for 9 weeks [89]
Green tea Wistar rats (WR) GLUT4 ↓ Triacylglycerols (plasma)
↓ NEFA,
↓ HbA1c,
↑ GLUT4
50 mg/kg body weight for 12 days [90]
KK-Ay mice GLUT4 IS ↓ Triacylglycerols (plasma) 4 weeks
Procyanidins (dimer to tetramer) from black soybean seeds ICR mice (soleus muscle) GLUT4 GU ↑ GLUT4
↑ p-IRS-1
↑ p-AMPK
↑ plasma insulin level
↑ plasma adiponectin
↓ plasma glucose
EC and C3G in water at 10 μg/kg body weight [91]
Procyanidins from cocoa liquor (CLPr) L6 myoblasts GLUT4 GU ↑ GLUT4 (7 days)
GLUT1 unchanged
250 mg/mL CLPr in DMSO [92]
ICR mice (soleus muscle) GLUT4 GU ↑ GLUT4 (7 days)
GLUT1 unchanged
1, 5, 10 μg/mL single oral administration
High-molecular-weight cocoa procyanidins human primary skeletal muscle cells GLUT4, PI3K/AKT,
p-AMPK
GU ↑ glycogen synthesis (cocoa extract),
↑ glycogen synthase (GS) (monomers 30% at 10 μM, oligomers 62% at 10 μM, polymers 16% at 10 μM and 32% at 25 μM)
↑ GU (all doses)
↓ PI3K/AKT (CE, 25 μM; oligomer, 25 μM; polymer 10 and 25 μM)
10 and 25 μM [93]
Sinapic acid SZT-diabetic rats (soleus muscle) GLUT4 GU ↑ reduced glucose infusion rate (GIR) 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 25 mg/kg [94]
L6 cells GU ↓ PLC-PKC signals
↑ glucose uptake
Gallic acid 3T3-L1 cells GLUT4 GU ↑ GLUT4
↑ PKCζ/λ
1 µM, 10 µM, 20 µM [95]
HFD SZT-diabetic rats
(adipose tissue)
GLUT4 GU ↑ PPARγ
↑ GLUT4
↑ PI3K/p-Akt
↑ GU
20 mg/kg [96]
Black tea polyphenols (theaflavin) L6 myotubes GLUT4, p-AMPK GU ↑ p-IRS1
↑ p-AMPK/AMPK
↑ p-GSK-3β
↑ PI3K
0.1, 1.0, 10 BTP µg/mL [32]
Rosemary extract L6 myotubes p-AMPK, GLUT4 GU ↑ GU (5 µg/mL)
↑ p-AMPK
↑ p-ACC protein
↑ p-PKC
5 µM RA for 4 h (maximum) [97]
Carnosol L6 myotubes
GLUT4myc
p-AMPK, GLUT4,
p-Akt
GU ↑ p-Akt
↑ p-mTOR
↑ p-ACC protein
↑ GLUT4
25 µM carnosol (4 h) [31]