Table A1.

Summary of dietary stimulators of GLUT4 expression, translocation, and physiological adaptions of skeletal muscle in in vitro and in vivo experimental models.

Compound	Model	Protein Expression	Glucose Uptake (GU)/ Blood Glucose (BG)/ Insulin Sensitivity (IS)	Additional Findings	Treatment	Reference
Chlorogenic acid	L6 myotubes	GLUT4	GU	↑ PPARγ protein	25 μM for 5 h: cytotoxicity > (50 μM)	[63]
Cinnamon and extracts	C2C12 myotubes	p-AMPK	GU		100 or 1000 μg/mL for 3 h	[64]
	C2C12 myotubes				30 μg/mL for 4 h	[65]
	Wistar rats (WR) (gastrocnemius muscle)	GLUT4		↑ NEFA (serum), ↓ serum creatine ↑ GLUT4	30 mg/kg/day for 22 days	[66]
	C57BL/6J mice		BG	↓ NEFA (serum), ↓ LDL-C, ↓ insulin	Overnight fast. 400 mg/kg/day for 21 days	[67]
	db/db mice		BG	↓ NEFA (serum) ↓ fasting blood glucose level	6 h fast. 400 mg/kg/day for 14 days
	C57BL/6J mice		BG	↑ IRS-1, IR protein	Overnight fast. 150 mg/kg/day for 14 days	[68]
	C57BLKS/J db/db mice		BG	↑ HDL-C levels (serum) ↓ p-Akt, Upregulated mRNA GLUT4 ↑ p-Akt	20 mg/kg/day (p.o.) for 4 weeks	[69]
Curcumin	C2C12 myotubes	p-Akt, p-AMPK		↑ p-ACC protein ↑ GU ↑ GLUT4 translocation ↑ p-AMPK ↑ p-ACC ↑ p-Akt (insulin-induced)	40 μM for 24 h: cytotoxicity > 40 μM 40 µM for 1 h	[70]
	WR (soleus muscle)	p-AMPK	BG		1 μM for 30 min or 60 mg/kg	[71]
	C2C12 cells			↑ GU ↓ p-IRS-1 ↓ p-ACC ↑ p-Akt ↑ p-ERK1/2 ↑ p-p38 MAPK	20 µM for 2 h	[72]
	C2 murine myoblasts			↑ Apoptosis ↓ Cell viability ↑ PARP fragmentation ↑ p-JNK	50 µM for 24 h	[73]
	L6myc skeletal muscle cells			↑ GLUT4 translocation ↑ p-Akt ↑ p-GSK-3β ↓ TNF-α, IL-6 and MCP-1 levels ↑ IL-10 levels	25 µM for 16 h	[74]
ECGC	L6 myotubes	p-Akt, p-AMPK	GU		40 μM for 3 h	[75]
	SD rats (soleus muscle)				12 h fast. 75 mg/kg for 1 h, or 100 nM for 15 min	[29]
	C57BL/6 mice (soleus muscle)				12 h fast. 75 mg/kg for 1 h, or 100 nM for 15 min
	L6 myotubes		GU		100 nM for 15 min
	C2C12 myotubes	p-Akt, p-AMPK		↑ p-p38 MAPK, ↑ p-ACC	20 μM up to 72 h: treatment not cytotoxic up to 48 h	[72]
	L6 myotube	GLUT4		↑ PI3K, ↓ PKC λ/ξ ↑ GLUT4 RNA, ↑ Rac1	1 nM	[76]
	ICR mice	GLUT4, PI3K, p-AMPK		↑ GLUT4, glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle	Oral administration postprandial hyperglycemia
	C2C12 myotubes (ßGlud1−/−)	p-AMPK		↑ p-AMPK, ↑ GU, ↑ IS	20 µM EGCG for 10 min	[77]
Ellagic acid	3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes	GLUT4, p-AMPK	GU	↑ GLUT4 ↑ p-AMPK ↑ p-ERK1/2 ↑ p-PKC ζ/λ	50 μg/mL for 1 h 1, 10, 100, 500 nM	[33]
Ferulic acid	L6 myotubes	GLUT4	GU	↑ PI3K protein	5 μM for 5 h: cytotoxicity > (50 μM)	[63]
Gingerol	L6 myotubes		GU		40 μg/mL for 48 h: treatment not cytotoxic	[78]
Naringenin	L6 myotubes	p-AMPK	GU		150 μM for 2 h	[79]
Quercetin	ob/ob mice (gastrocnemius muscle)	GLUT4	BG, IS	↑ GLUT4 RNA, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ iNOS RNA, ↓ NF κB activation	30 mg/kg alternating days for 10 weeks	[80]
	L6 myotubes	p-Akt	GU		200 μM for 48 h
	Kunming mice (gastrocnemius muscle)	GLUT4, p-AMPK	BG	↑ p-ACC, ↓ blood triacylglycerol, ↓ total cholesterol,	12-h fast. 5, 10, 20 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks	[81]
	C2C12 myotubes	GLUT4, p-AMPK	GU	↑ PPARα, ACC, MCAD, CPT-1, GLUT4, PGC-1α RNA, p-ACC protein	10 μM for 24 h: treatment not cytotoxic
	C2C12 myotubes		GU	↑ p-ACC protein	100 μM for 18 h	[81]
	C2C12 myotubes	p-AMPK	GU	enhanced glucose uptake by 38–59% stimulated uptake by 37%, stimulated the AMPK pathway (25–100 mM) inhibited ATP synthase (in mitochondria) by 34 and 79%	quercetin-3-O-glycosides (50 mM; 18 h treatment) in the absence of insulin quercetin aglycone and quercetin glycosides quercetin aglycone by 25 and 100 mM	[82]
	L6 myotubes	CaMKKβ/AMPK, IRS1/PI3K/Akt JAK/STAT	GU	↑ GU (0.1 nM and 1 nM quercetin or 1 nM isorhamnetin) ↑ JAK/STAT (1 nM and 10 nM isorhamnetin) ↑ p-AMPK (quercetin) ↑ JAK2/STAT (isorhamnetin) ↑ IRS-1 (at 10 nM)		[34]
	ICR mice	GLUT4	GU	quercetin aglycone form were 4.95 and 6.80 nM (plasma concentration)	10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg body weight
Resveratrol	L6 myotubes	p-AMPK	GU		100 μM for 4 h	[83]
	db/db mice		BG	↑ Glucose tolerance	5 mg/mL/100g body weight for 3 weeks †
	SD rats (soleus muscle)		GU, BR		Overnight fast. 10 mg/kg/day for 16 weeks	[84]
	C2C12 myotubes		GU		10 μM for 24 h
	L6 myotubes	p-AMPK	GU		100 μM for 2 h: cell morphology unaltered up to 125 μM	[85]
	SD rats (soleus muscle)		GU	↑ p-ERα, ↑ p-IR, ↓ serum cholesterol, ↓ triglycerides, ↓ uric acid	1 mg/kg/day for 15 days or 15 weeks	[86]
	C2C12 myotubes	p-Akt	GU	↑ p-ERα, ↑ p-p38 MAPK, ↑ p-ERK, ↑ p-IR	0.1 μM for 14 h: treatment not cytotoxic
	WR (soleus muscle)	GLUT4, p-Akt	BG	↑ PEPCK	Overnight fast. 0.05–10 mg/kg/day for 7 days	[87]
	C2C12 myotubes		GU		30 μM for 30min
	C2C12 myocytes	p-AMPK		↑ PGC-1α RNA	50 μM for 24 h: cytotoxicity > (50 μM)	[88]
	SIRT1 knockout mice		BG, IS	↓Mitochondrial content and respiration	100 mg/kg day for 9 weeks	[89]
Green tea	Wistar rats (WR)	GLUT4		↓ Triacylglycerols (plasma) ↓ NEFA, ↓ HbA1c, ↑ GLUT4	50 mg/kg body weight for 12 days	[90]
	KK-Ay mice	GLUT4	IS	↓ Triacylglycerols (plasma)	4 weeks
Procyanidins (dimer to tetramer) from black soybean seeds	ICR mice (soleus muscle)	GLUT4	GU	↑ GLUT4 ↑ p-IRS-1 ↑ p-AMPK ↑ plasma insulin level ↑ plasma adiponectin ↓ plasma glucose	EC and C3G in water at 10 μg/kg body weight	[91]
Procyanidins from cocoa liquor (CLPr)	L6 myoblasts	GLUT4	GU	↑ GLUT4 (7 days) GLUT1 unchanged	250 mg/mL CLPr in DMSO	[92]
	ICR mice (soleus muscle)	GLUT4	GU	↑ GLUT4 (7 days) GLUT1 unchanged	1, 5, 10 μg/mL single oral administration
High-molecular-weight cocoa procyanidins	human primary skeletal muscle cells	GLUT4, PI3K/AKT, p-AMPK	GU	↑ glycogen synthesis (cocoa extract), ↑ glycogen synthase (GS) (monomers 30% at 10 μM, oligomers 62% at 10 μM, polymers 16% at 10 μM and 32% at 25 μM) ↑ GU (all doses) ↓ PI3K/AKT (CE, 25 μM; oligomer, 25 μM; polymer 10 and 25 μM)	10 and 25 μM	[93]
Sinapic acid	SZT-diabetic rats (soleus muscle)	GLUT4	GU	↑ reduced glucose infusion rate (GIR)	5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 25 mg/kg	[94]
	L6 cells		GU	↓ PLC-PKC signals ↑ glucose uptake
Gallic acid	3T3-L1 cells	GLUT4	GU	↑ GLUT4 ↑ PKCζ/λ	1 µM, 10 µM, 20 µM	[95]
	HFD SZT-diabetic rats (adipose tissue)	GLUT4	GU	↑ PPARγ ↑ GLUT4 ↑ PI3K/p-Akt ↑ GU	20 mg/kg	[96]
Black tea polyphenols (theaflavin)	L6 myotubes	GLUT4, p-AMPK	GU	↑ p-IRS1 ↑ p-AMPK/AMPK ↑ p-GSK-3β ↑ PI3K	0.1, 1.0, 10 BTP µg/mL	[32]
Rosemary extract	L6 myotubes	p-AMPK, GLUT4	GU	↑ GU (5 µg/mL) ↑ p-AMPK ↑ p-ACC protein ↑ p-PKC	5 µM RA for 4 h (maximum)	[97]
Carnosol	L6 myotubes GLUT4myc	p-AMPK, GLUT4, p-Akt	GU	↑ p-Akt ↑ p-mTOR ↑ p-ACC protein ↑ GLUT4	25 µM carnosol (4 h)	[31]