Table 3.
Deep analysis for the detection of COVID-19 based biosensors.
| Sensor Type | Application Range | Material (nm) | Prognosis | Diagnosis | Installation Date | Target | Duration | Detection Limit | Sample Size | Detection of COVID-19 Virus | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| In Clinical | On the Surface | ||||||||||
| Optical LSPR PPT |
SARS-CoV-2 | Gold | ✓ | ✓ | 8 Apr 220 | DNA | 800 s | 0.22 pM | 0.01 pM–50 Μm | ✓ | ✕ |
| FET sensor | SARS-CoV-2 | Graphene | ✓ | ✓ | 29 May 2020 | Spike protein | 4 h | 1.6 × 101 pfu/mL | 1 fg/mL | ✓ | ✕ |
| Magnetic | SARS-CoV | NA | ✓ | ✓ | 3 July 2020 | Anti-spike protein | 42 min | 2.96 ng/mL | 2 ng mL−1 | ✓ | ✕ |
| P-FABU-bent optical fiber | COVID-19 | Gold | ✓ | ✓ | 1 June 2020 | N-protein | 15 min | 10–18 M | 106 particles/mL | ✓ | ✕ |
| Electrochemical | SARS-CoV-2 | Gold | ✓ | ✓ | 11 M ay 2020 | Spike protein | 10–30 s | 90 fM | 1 μM | ✓ | ✕ |
| Electrochemical | MERS-CoV | Gold | ✓ | ✓ | 27 Feb 2019 | Spike protein | 20 min | 1.0 pg mL−1 | 10 μg mL−1 | ✓ | ✕ |
| Optical Fiber | COVID-19 | Gold | ✕ | ✓ | 11 June 2020 | IgG-type antibodies | 1 h | 100 units/mL | NA | ✓ | ✕ |
| Piezoelectric | SARS-CoV | Crystal with quartz wafer | ✕ | ✓ | 2004 | Antigen (sputum) | 1 h | 0.6 µg/mL | 0.6–4 µg/mL | ✓ | ✕ |
| Optical LSPCF | SARS-COV | Gold | ✓ | ✓ | 2009 | Nucleocapsid protein | 3 h | 1 pg/mL | ∼1 pg/mL | ✓ | ✕ |
| Optical | SARS-CoV | Quantum dots | ✓ | ✓ | 24 July 2011 | Nucleocapsid protein | 1 h | 0.1 pg/mL | 0.1 pg mL−1 | ✓ | ✕ |
| Nanocrystals optical | Coronavirus | Zirconium quantum dots | ✕ | ✓ | 29 Oct 2018 | Antibodies | 1 h | 79.15 EID/50 mL | 1000 EID/50 mL | ✓ | ✕ |
| LFA | SARS-CoV-2 | Gold | ✕ | ✓ | 21 May 2020 | IgM antibody | 15 min | NA | 10−20 μL | ✓ | ✕ |