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. 2020 Dec 4;21(23):9261. doi: 10.3390/ijms21239261

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Chromosomal aberrations induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in the root tip meristem of Allium cepa. Acetocarmine stain was used for staining the root tips to observe the different stages of mitosis. (A–E) Normal stages of mitosis in onion root tip: (A) Interphase, (B) Prophase, (C) Metaphase, (D) Anaphase, (E) Telophase. Different aberrations were observed after PMA (0.1 μg, 1 μg, 10 μg) treatment for 24 h. (F) Micronucleus, (G) Loculated nucleus, (H) Nuclear lesion, (I) Multi-nucleated cell lesion, (J) C-metaphase, (K) Polyploidy and chromosomal bridge, (L) Laggard metaphase and anaphase, (M) Pulverized metaphase, (N) Mean root length of A. cepa, (O) Percentage of mitotic index, (P) Chromosomal aberrations and percentage of total abnormalities. Scale bar = 10 μm. The data are represented as the means ± S.D. of three independent experiments * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 and ns (non-significant). Statistical significance analysis was carried out through a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) prism.