Table 1.
Determination of volatile compounds in samples of cookies: C- control (without herbs) and 1- cookie with sage, 2- mint, 3- rosemary, 4- oregano, and 5- thyme.
| No. | Compound | Chemical Family | Aroma Description | LRIs exp. | LRIs lit. | C- control | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [%] of Total Peak Area | |||||||||||
| 1 | 1-hexanol | Alcohols | fresh, fruity | 888 | 863 | 3.65 ± 0.03 a | 1.84 ± 0.03 b | - | 1.32 ± 0.02 b | - | - |
| 2 | hexanal | Aldehydes | green, grassy | 1078 | 1098 | 38.26 ± 1.35 a | 18.58 ± 0.90 b | 2.93 ± 0.01 f | 3.94 ± 0.07 e | 12.64 ± 0.10 c | 8.20 ± 0.10 d |
| 3 | 2-heptanon | Ketones | banana-like | 1174 | 1187 | 6.71 ± 0.5 b | - | 2.93 ± 0.05 d | 3.94 ± 0.05 c | - | 8.07 ± 0.05 a |
| 4 | limonene | Monoterpenes | citrus | 1180 | 1188 | - | - | 2.78 ± 0.02 a | 1.93 ± 0.01 b | - | - |
| 5 | eucalyptol | Monoterpenes | herbal | 1205 | 1214 | - | - | 4.27 ± 0.01 b | 28.21 ± 0.14 a | 2.63 ± 0.02 c | - |
| 6 | 2-methylpyrazine | Pyrazines | nutty | 1236 | 1251 | 6.93 ± 0.02 d | 8.18 ± 0.70 b | 10.76 ± 0.09 a | 8.48 ± 0.04 b | 7.51 ± 0.05 c | - |
| 7 | cymene | Monoterpenes | terpenic | 1277 | 1281 | - | - | - | - | - | 22.33 ± 0.08 |
| 8 | 4-methylthiazole | Thiazoles | nutty | 1280 | 1279 | 3.97 ± 0.02 b | 2.38 ± 0.05 c | 3.43 ± 0.03 b | 2.85 ± 0.02 c | 1.97 ± 0.02 d | 4.79 ± 0.01 a |
| 9 | 2-heptanal | Aldehydes | pungent, green | 1319 | 1323 | - | - | 21.13 ± 0.22 | - | - | - |
| 10 | 2,5-dimethylpyrazine | Pyrazines | cocoa, roasted | 1323 | 1320 | 7.09 ± 0.08 b | 9.59 ± 0.12 a | - | 7.43 ± 0.05 b | 9.05 ± 0.09 a | - |
| 11 | 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-on | Ketones | citrus-like, fruity | 1375 | 1365 | 4.36 ± 0.01 c | - | 5.92 ± 0.08 b | 4.07 ± 0.01 c | - | 11.31 ± 0.15 a |
| 12 | thujone | Monoterpenes | thujonic, herbal | 1435 | 1438 | - | 1.70 ± 0.01 | - | - | - | - |
| 13 | nonanal | Aldehydes | aldehydic | 1440 | 1437 | 1.62 ± 0.01 b | - | 2.36 ± 0.02 a | - | - | - |
| 14 | furfural alcohol | Furans | almond, sweet | 1457 | 1458 | - | - | - | - | 2.52 ± 0.06 | - |
| 15 | acetic acid | Acids | sour, pungent | 1478 | 1477 | - | 3.88 ± 0.02 b | - | - | 6.26 ± 0.57 a | - |
| 16 | furfural | Furans | sweet, fruity | 1491 | 1485 | 1.80 ± 0.01 d | 2.32 ± 0.01 c | - | 2.28 ± 0.02 c | 7.66 ± 0.08 a | 3.07 ± 0.01 b |
| 17 | 2-ethylhexanol | Alcohols | fruity | 1500 | 1504 | 3.74 ± 0.04 b | 3.36 ± 0.08 b | 7.86 ± 0.02 a | 0.99 ± 0.01 c | - | - |
| 18 | benzaldehyde | Aldehydes | burnt sugar | 1542 | 1525 | 8.57 ± 0.12 a | 6.21 ± 0.02 b | - | 4.36 ± 0.02 c | 4.04 ± 0.01 c | 9.61 ± 0.08 c |
| 19 | linalool | Alcohols | floral, lemon-like | 1550 | 1554 | - | - | - | 1.59 ± 0.01 | 2.17 ± 0.02 a | - |
| 20 | octan-1ol | Alcohols | herbal | 1563 | 1565 | - | - | 1.88 ± 0.01 | - | - | - |
| 21 | β-caryophyllene | Sesquiterpenoids | woody | 1627 | 1618 | - | - | 4.74 ± 0.05 | - | - | - |
| 22 | γ-butyrolactone | Lactones | sweet, caramel | 1639 | 1640 | 6.36 ± 0.13 c | 26.79 ± 0.15 a | 10.59 ± 0.08 b | 2.67 ± 0.03 d | 2.68 ± 0.02 d | 5.75 ± 0.01 c |
| 23 | menthol | Monoterpenes | fresh, herbal | 1622 | 1626 | - | 1.45 ± 0.01 b | - | 1.83 ± 0.01 a | - | 1.09 ± 0.02 c |
| 24 | salicylaldehyde | Aldehydes | pungent, spicy | 1668 | 1658 | - | 5.39 ± 0.05 c | 7.44 ± 0.02 a | 5.82 ± 0.05 c | 6.05 ± 0.02 b | - |
| 25 | terpineol | Monoterpenes | minty, anise | 1718 | 1719 | - | - | - | 4.22 ± 0.03 | - | - |
| 26 | borneol | Monoterpenes | camphor, musty | 1726 | 1721 | - | - | - | 4.85 ± 0.01 a | - | 3.28 ± 0.05 b |
| 27 | caproic acid | Carboxylic acid | pungent, rancid | 1866 | 1863 | 5.16 ± 0.02 b | 4.53 ± 0.04 c | 7.20 ± 0.05 a | 3.55 ± 0.02 c | 3.21 ± 0.08 d | 5.07 ± 0.08 b |
| 28 | thymol | Monoterpenes | herbal | 2155 | 2157 | - | 3.82 ± 0.03 a | - | 1.02 ± 0.01 b | - | - |
| 29 | carvacrol | Monoterpenes | caraway | 2180 | 2183 | 1.78 ± 0.01 d | - | 3.77 ± 0.02 c | 4.65 ± 0.05 c | 31.61 ± 0.02 a | 17.43 ± 0.15 b |
Values were presented as mean ± standard deviation. Values followed by different letters in the same column are significantly different (p < 0.05), as determined by the Tukey’s multiple comparisons test. “-” compound was not detected.