TABLE 3.

Treatment effect of the Healthy Buddies™ curriculum by subgroups

Subgroup	Outcome	Healthy Buddies™		Standard curriculum		Treatment effect a , b
		Mean difference	95% CI	Mean difference	95% CI	Difference of mean differences	95% CI
Overall	BMI z‐score	0.04	[−0.01, 0.10]	−0.01	[−0.07, 0.04]	0.05	[−0.04, 0.15]
	Waist circumference	−0.71	[−1.39, −0.03]	0.97	[0.30, 1.63]	−1.68	[−2.85, −0.51]**
	Dietary intake	3.22	[0.96, 5.48]	−1.39	[−3.72, 0.94]	4.61	[0.95, 8.27]*
	Healthy living knowledge	6.71	[4.44, 8.99]	0.82	[−1.50, 3.13]	5.89	[2.30, 9.50]**
	Self‐efficacy	5.93	[3.15, 8.71]	0.68	[−2.16, 3.52]	5.25	[0.99, 9.51]*
Higher income (Q3‐Q5)	BMI z‐score	0.02	[−0.06, 0.11]	−0.05	[−0.14, 0.03]	0.07	[−0.06, 0.21]
	Waist circumference	−1.27	[−2.28, −0.27]	−0.38	[−0.63, 1.39]	−1.65	[−3.36, 0.06]
	Dietary intake	4.57	[1.04, 8.10]	−2.24	[−5.73, 1.25]	6.81	[1.77, 11.83]**
	Healthy living knowledge	9.25	[5.70, 12.80]	2.75	[−0.81, 6.32]	6.50	[1.20, 11.80]*
	Self‐efficacy	6.05	[1.63, 10.47]	1.30	[−3.09, 5.70]	4.75	[−2.22, 11.71]
Lower income (Q1‐Q2)	BMI z‐score	0.05	[−0.02, 0.12]	0.01	[−0.06, 0.09]	0.04	[−0.10, 0.18]
	Waist circumference	−0.35	[−1.25, 0.54]	1.38	[0.52, 2.23]	−1.73	[−3.31, −0.14]*
	Dietary intake	2.35	[−0.61, 5.32]	−0.78	[−3.84, 2.29]	3.13	[−1.84, 8.11]
	Healthy living knowledge	5.10	[2.20, 8.00]	−0.52	[−3.51, 2.46]	5.62	[0.84, 10.40]*
	Self‐efficacy	5.85	[2.27, 9.43]	0.25	[−3.49, 3.99]	5.60	[0.24, 10.96]*
Male	BMI z‐score	0.01	[−0.07, 0.09]	−0.01	[−0.09, 0.08]	0.02	[−0.11, 0.14]
	Waist circumference	−0.68	[−1.68, 0.31]	1.33	[0.37, 2.28]	−2.01	[−3.55, −0.48]*
	Dietary intake	2.52	[−0.06, 5.64]	−1.84	[−4.96, 1.29]	4.36	[−0.48, 9.19]
	Healthy living knowledge	7.14	[3.99, 10.29]	−1.92	[−5.13, 1.30]	9.06	[4.36, 13.76]***
	Self‐efficacy	7.06	[3.23, 10.90]	−1.22	[−5.10, 2.67]	8.28	[3.31, 13.25]**
Female	BMI z‐score	0.08	[0.00, 0.15]	−0.03	[−0.10, 0.05]	0.11	[−0.06, 0.26]
	Waist circumference	−0.74	[−1.66, 0.19]	0.59	[−0.24, 1.51]	−1.33	[−3.18, 0.54]
	Dietary intake	3.98	[0.66, 7.29]	−0.89	[−4.35, 2.56]	4.87	[−0.59, 10.33]
	Healthy living knowledge	6.25	[3.00, 9.50]	3.70	[0.32, 7.08]	2.55	[−2.97, 8.07]
	Self‐efficacy	4.69	[0.75, 8.62]	2.68	[−1.37, 6.73]	2.01	[−4.74, 8.75]
Urban	BMI z‐score	0.06	[−0.02, 0.15]	0.04	[−0.03, 0.12]	0.02	[−0.12, 0.16]
	Waist circumference	0.16	[−0.86, 1.18]	1.26	[0.40, 2.13]	−1.10	[−2.69, 0.48]
	Dietary intake	7.03	[3.56, 10.50]	−3.43	[−6.37, −0.49]	10.46	[5.48, 15.44]***
	Healthy living knowledge	7.35	[4.00, 10.70]	−2.40	[−5.44, 0.64]	9.75	[4.47, 15.03]***
	Self‐efficacy	6.23	[2.03, 10.43]	−0.49	[−4.23, 3.26]	6.72	[0.75, 12.69]*
Rural	BMI z‐score	0.02	[−0.05, 0.10]	−0.09	[−0.17, 0.00]	0.11	[−0.04, 0.26]
	Waist circumference	−1.39	[−2.25, −0.53]	0.59	[−0.40, 1.58]	−1.98	[−3.69, −0.27]*
	Dietary intake	0.20	[−2.79, 3.18]	1.31	[−2.34, 4.96]	−1.11	[−6.43, 4.20]
	Healthy living knowledge	6.21	[3.22, 9.21]	4.89	[1.52, 8.25]	1.32	[−3.55, 6.20]
	Self‐efficacy	5.69	[2.02, 9.36]	2.16	[−2.13, 6.45]	3.53	[−2.80, 9.87]

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval.

^aResults are adjusted for age, sex, income and geography.

^bThe effect of the Healthy Buddies™ curriculum is calculated as the difference in mean differences between pre‐ and post‐intervention means in each subgroup. For example, in the higher income group, dietary intake increased by an average of 4.57 points in the Healthy Buddies™ arm and decreased by an average of 2.24 points in the standard curriculum arm. The difference between these two mean differences is 6.81).

^* P < 0.05.

^** P < 0.01.

^*** P < 0.001.