Table A3.
Characteristics of studies meeting the search inclusion criteria.
| Author/Year | Sample Size | Country | Health Care Workers | Male (%) | Survey Tool | Cut-Off | Outcomes (%) (n) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physician (%) | Nurses (%) | Depression | Anxiety | Insomnia | Stress | PTSD a | Distress | ||||||
| Aksoy and Kocak et al., 2020 [81] | 758 | Turkey | 0.0 | 100.0 | 7.0 | STAI y | NA ae | NA | 36.3 (275) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Alshekaili et al., 2020 [44] | 1139 | Oman | 33.7 | 39.4 | 20.0 | DASS t -21(D aa) DASS t -21(A ab) DASS t -21(S ac) ISI d |
≥10 ≥8 ≥16 ≥14 |
32.3 (368) |
34.1 (388) |
18.5 (211) |
23.8 (271) |
NA | NA |
| Amerio et al., 2020 [45] | 131 | Italy | NA | NA | 51.9 | PHQ c -9 | ≥10 | 39.3 (30) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Amin et al., 2020 [37] | 250 | Pakistan | 49.2 | 30.4 | 63.6 | PGWBI l | ≥30 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 72.4 (181) |
| An et al., 2020 [46] | 1103 | China | 0.0 | 100.0 | 9.2 | PHQ c -9 | ≥5 | 43.6 (481) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Cai et al., 2020 [79] | 2346 | China | NA | NA | 29.9 | PHQ c -9 BAI m ISI d |
≥10 ≥15 ≥9 |
12.23 (287) |
11.6 (271) |
38.4 (902) |
NA | NA | NA |
| Caliskan et al., 2020 [47] | 290 | Turkey | 100.0 | NA | 61.7 | HADS k -D HADS k -A |
≥7 ≥10 |
62.1 (180) |
35.5 (103) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Cao et al., 2020 [33] | 37 | China | 16.0 | 19.0 | 21.6 | PHQ c -9 | ≥10 | 18.9 (7) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Chatterjee et al., 2020 [48] | 152 | India | NA | NA | 78.3 | DASS t -21 | NA | 34.9 (53) |
39.5 (60) |
NA | 32.9 (50) |
NA | NA |
| Chen et al., 2020 [30] | 105 | China | NA | NA | 9.5 | SAS r SDS z |
≥50 ≥50 |
29.5 (31) |
18.1 (19) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Chew et al., 2020 [34] | 906 | Singapore and India | NA | NA | NA | DASS t -21(D aa) DASS t -21(A ab) DASS t -21(S ac) IES i -R |
>9 >7 >14 ≥24 |
21.4 (96) |
31.5 (142) |
NA | 10.3 (47) |
14.8 (67) |
NA |
| Chung and Yeung et al., 2020 [78] | 69 | Hong Kong | 4.4 | 34.8 | NA | PHQ c -9 | ≥10 | 49.3 (34) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Civantos et al., 2020 [49] | 349 | USA | 52.7 | NA | 60.7 | GAD b -7 PHQ c -2 IES i |
≥10 ≥3 ≥27 |
10.6 (37) |
47.9 (167) |
NA | NA | NA | 60.2 (210) |
| Consolo et al., 2020 [35] | 356 | Italy | NA | NA | 60.4 | GAD b -7 | ≥5 | NA | 57.0 (204) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Corbett et al., 2020 [50] | 240 | Dublin Ireland | 15.0 | 36.25 | 9.2 | GAD b -7 PHQ c -9 |
≥10 ≥10 |
20.3 (49) |
21.0 (51) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Dai et al., 2020 [51] | 4357 | China | 32.6 | 53.8 | 23.5 | GHQ e -12 | ≥3 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 39.1 (1704) |
| Dal’Bosco et al., 2020 [52] | 88 | South America | NA | NA | 10.2 | HAD k | ≥3 | 25.0 (22) |
48.9 (43) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Dong et al., 2020 [53] | 4618 | China | 24.6 | 62.7 | 16.3 | HEI q | ≥8 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 24.2 (1118) |
| Du et al., 2020 [20] | 134 | China | 35.1 | 41.0 | 39.6 | BDI o -II BAI m PSS j |
≥14 ≥8 ≥14 |
12.7 (17) |
20.1 (28) |
NA | 59.0 (79) |
NA | NA |
| Elbay et al., 2020 [54] | 442 | Turkey | NA | NA | 43.2 | DASS t -21(D aa) DASS t -21(A ab) DASS t -21(S ac) |
>9 >7 >14 |
64.7 (286) |
51.6 (224) |
NA | 41.2 (182) |
NA | NA |
| Guiroy et al., 2020 [36] | 204 | Latin America ad | 100.0 | NA | 96.6 | PHQ c -9 | ≥10 | 100 (204) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Guo et al., 2020 [23] | 11,118 | China | 30.28 | 53.07 | 25.2 | SAS r SDS z |
≥50 ≥50 |
31.5 (3497) |
17.5 (1940) |
NA | NA | NA | 40.7 (4530) |
| Hassannia et al., 2020 [55] | 487 | Iran | 26.08 | 21.56 | NA | HADS k -D aa HADS k -A ab |
≥8 ≥8 |
48.3 (235) |
62.8 (306) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Hawari et al., 2020 [56] | 1006 | Jordan | 13.02 | 63.02 | 44.7 | K6 ag | ≥11 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 96.5 (971) |
| Hu et al., 2020 [57] | 2101 | China | NA | 100.00 | 12.4 | SAS r ZSDS v |
≥50 ≥60 |
42.0 (878) |
40.0 (833) |
NA | NA | NA | 41.5 (835) |
| Huang and Zhao et al., 2020 [25] | 2250 | China | NA | NA | NA | GAD b -7 CES-D s PSQI p |
≥9 ≥28 ≥7 |
19.8 (446) |
35.6 (802) |
23.6 (531) |
NA | NA | NA |
| Huang et al., 2020 [24] | 230 | China | 30.4 | 69.6 | 18.7 | SAS r PTSD-SS |
≥50 ≥50 |
NA | 23.0 (53) |
NA | NA | 27.4 (63) |
NA |
| Jahrami et al., 2020 [58] | 257 | Bahrain | 31.1 | 46.3 | 30.0 | PSQI p PSS j |
≥5 ≥14 |
NA | NA | NA | 100.0 (257) |
NA | NA |
| Kang et al., 2020 [39] | 994 | China | 18.4 | 81.6 | 14.5 | PHQ c -9 GAD b -7 ISI d IES i -R |
≥5 ≥5 ≥8 ≥9 |
63.0 (627) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Kaveh et al., 2020 [43] | 1038 | Iran | 20.6 | 63.3 | 12.4 | BAI m | ≥7 | NA | 100.0 (1038) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Khanna et al., 2020 [59] | 2355 | India | NA | NA | 56.6 | PHQ c -9 | ≥4 | 32.6 (765) |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Koksal et al., 2020 [80] | 702 | Turkey | NA | 48.3 | 30.0 | HADS k -D aa HADS k -A ab |
≥7 ≥10 |
36.9 (259) |
57.5 (404) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Lai et al., 2020 [16] | 1257 | China | 39.2 | 60.8 | 23.3 | PHQ c -9 GAD b -7 ISI d IES i -R |
≥5 ≥5 ≥8 ≥9 |
50.4 (634) |
44.6 (560) |
34 (427) |
NA | NA | 71.5 (899) |
| Li et al., 2020 [31] | 4369 | China | 13.3 | 77.4 | 0.0 | IES i –R PHQ c -9 GAD b -7 |
≥33 ≥10 ≥8 |
14.2 (621) |
25.2 (1101) |
NA | 31.6 (1382) |
NA | NA |
| Liu et al., 2020 [27] | 512 | China | NA | NA | 15.4 | SAS r | ≥50 | NA | 12.5 (64) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Liu et al., 2020 [28] | 4679 | China | 39.6 | 60.4 | 17.7 | SAS r SDS z SRQ x -20 |
≥50 ≥50 ≥7 |
34.6 (1619) |
16.0 (749) |
NA | NA | NA | 15.9 (744) |
| Lu et al., 2020 [19] | 2299 | China | 88.8 | NA | 22.4 | HADS k -D aa HADS k -A ab |
≥7 ≥7 |
11.7 (268) |
24.7 (569) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Nair et al., 2020 [60] | 586 | India | NA | NA | 53.1 | CPDI w PSS j |
≥28 ≥13 |
NA | NA | NA | 100.0 (586) |
NA | 52.0 (304) |
| Naser et al., 2020 [61] | 1163 | Jordan | 48.2 | 13.0 | 43.9 | GAD b -7 PHQ c -9 |
≥4 ≥5 |
78.0 (907) |
71.0 (823) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Podder et al., 2020 [62] | 384 | India | NA | NA | 55.5 | PSS j -10 | ≥13 | NA | NA | NA | 100 (384) |
NA | NA |
| Qi et al., 2020 [26] | 1306 | China | NA | NA | 19.6 | PSQI p AIS f |
>7 >6 |
NA | NA | 45.5 (594) |
NA | NA | NA |
| Que et al., 2020 [63] | 2285 | China | 37.6 | 9.1 | 30.9 | GAD b -7 PHQ c ISI d |
≥10 ≥10 ≥15 |
44.4 (1014) |
46.0 (1052) |
28.8 (657) |
NA | NA | NA |
| Rossi et al., 2020 [64] | 1379 | Italy | 37.64 | 34.23 | 22.8 | GPS PHQ c -9 GAD b -7 ISI d -7 PSS j -10 |
≥3 ≥15 ≥15 ≥22 NA |
24.73 (341) |
19.8 (273) |
8.3 (114) |
21.9 (302) |
49.4 (681) |
NA |
| Salman et al., 2020 [65] | 398 | Pakistan | 51.5 | 33.4 | 46.0 | GAD b -7 PHQ c -9 |
≥10 ≥10 |
21.9 (87) |
21.4 (85) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Shacham et al., 2020 [38] | 338 | Israel | NA | NA | 41.4 | K6 ag | ≥19 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 11.5 (39) |
| Shechter et al., 2020 [66] | 657 | USA | 28.8 | 47.6 | 21.8 | PC-PTSD u PHQ c -2 GAD b -2 |
≥3 ≥3 ≥3 |
48.0 (313) |
33.0 (215) |
NA | 57.0 (371) |
NA | NA |
| Stojanov et al., 2020 [67] | 201 | Serbia | NA | 100.0 | 34.3 | GAD b -7 ZSDS v |
≥5 ≥50 |
30.8(62) | 48.2 (97) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Sun et al.,2020 [77] | 320 | China | NA | NA | NA | PCL af -5 | ≥33 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 4.4 (14) |
NA |
| Tan et al., 2020 [21] | 470 | Singapore | 28.7 | 34.3 | 31.7 | DASS t -21(D aa) DASS t -21(A ab) DASS t -21(S ac) IES i -R |
>9 >7 ≥14 ≥24 |
8.9 (42) |
14.5 (68) |
NA | 6.6 (31) |
7.7 (36) |
NA |
| Temsah et al., 2020 [6] | 582 | Saudi Arabian | 18.6 | 62.4 | 24.9 | GAD b -7 | ≥5 | NA | 100.0 (582) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Teng et al., 2020 [68] | 398 | China | NA | NA | 24.1 | PHQ c -9 SAS r |
≥5 ≥50 |
35.9 (143) |
14.1 (56) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Thapa et al., 2020 [69] | 100 | Nepal | 9.0 | 62.0 | 22.0 | SAS r | ≥45 | NA | 34.0 (34) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Tu et al., 2020 [70] | 100 | China | NA | 100.0 | 0.0 | GAD b -7 PHQ c -9 PSQI p |
≥4 ≥4 ≥7 |
46.0 (46) |
40.0 (40) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Wang et al., 2020 [71] | 1045 | China | 14.3 | 74.0 | 14.2 | HADS k -D aa HADS k -A ab PSS j -14 ISI d |
≥8 ≥8 ≥14 ≥14 |
53.0 (554) |
67.8 (708) |
10.4 (109) |
21.0 (223) |
NA | NA |
| Weilenmann et al., 2020 [72] | 1410 | Switzerland | 60.8 | 39.2 | 33.8 | GAD b -7 PHQ c -9 |
≥10 ≥10 |
20.7 (292) |
25.9 (365) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Xiao et al., 2020 [73] | 958 | China | 39.5 | 37.5 | 32.8 | HADS k -D aa HADS k -A ab |
≥8 ≥8 |
57.3 (549) |
54.2 (518) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Yang et al., 2020 [74] | 65 | South Korea | NA | NA | 52.3 | GAD b -7 PHQ c -9 |
≥5 ≥10 |
18.5 (12) |
32.3 (21) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Yin et al., 2020 [75] | 371 | China | 18.1 | 71.2 | 38.5 | PCL af -5 | ≥33 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3.8 (14) |
NA |
| Zhan et al., 2020 [76] | 1794 | China | NA | 100.0 | 3.0 | AIS f FS g 14 CPSS h |
≥6 ≥7 ≥25 |
NA | NA | 52.8 (948) |
44.0 (789) |
NA | NA |
| Zhang et al., 2020 [17] | 2182 | China | 31.2 | 11.3 | 35.8 | ISI d SCL n -90-R PHQ c -2 GAD b -2 |
>8 ≥2 ≥3 ≥3 |
10.6 (232) |
10.4 (228) |
33.9 (739) |
NA | NA | NA |
| Zhang et al., 2020 [18] | 1563 | China | 29.0 | 62.9 | 17.3 | ISI d PHQ c -9 GAD b -7 IES i -R |
≥8 ≥5 ≥5 ≥9 |
50.7 (792) |
44.7 (699) |
36.1 (564) |
73.4 (1147) |
NA | NA |
| Zhang et al., 2020 [29] | 304 | Iran | NA | NA | NA | PHQ c -4 K6 ag |
NA NA |
20.6 (63) |
28.0 (85) |
NA | NA | NA | 20.1 (61) |
| Zhu et al., 2020 [41] | 5062 | China | 19.8 | 67.5 | 15.0 | IES i -R PHQ c 9 GAD b -7 |
≥33 ≥10 ≥8 |
13.5 (681) |
24.1 (1218) |
NA | 29.8 (1509) |
NA | NA |
| Zhu et al., 2020 [42] | 165 | China | 47.9 | 52.1 | 17.0 | SAS r SDS z |
≥50 ≥50 |
44.2 (73) |
20.0 (33) |
NA | NA | NA | NA |
a PTSD: Post-traumatic stress syndrome, b GAD: Generalized anxiety disorder scale, c PHQ: Patient health questionnaire, d ISI: Insomnia severity index, e GHQ: General health questionnaire, f AIS: Athens insomnia scale, g FS: Fatigue scale, h CPSS: Chinese perceived stress scale, i IES: Impact of event scale, j PSS: Perceived stress scale, k HAD: Hospital anxiety depression scale, l PGWBI: Psychological General Well-Being Index, m BAI: Beck anxiety Inventory, n SCL-19-R: Symptom checklist, o BDI: Beck depression inventory, p PSQI: Pittsburgh sleep quality index, q HEI: Huaxi emotional distress index, r SAS: Self-rating anxiety scale, s CES-D: The center for epidemiology scale for depression, t DASS: Depression, anxiety, stress scales, u PC-PTSD: Primary care PTSD Screen, v Zsds: Zung self-rating depression scale, w CPDI: COVID-19 Peri traumatic distress index, x SRQ: Self reporting questionnaire, y STAI: State-trait anxiety inventory, z SDS: Self-rating depression scale, aa D: Depression, ab A: Anxiety, ac S: Stress, ad Latin America: Countries included Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Mexico, ae NA: Not applicable, af PCL: Post-traumatic stress disorder checklist, ag K6—Kessler Phycological Distress Scale.