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. 2020 Sep 16;162(1):17–29. doi: 10.1111/imm.13257

Table 2.

Influence of NmU on immune cells and related inflammatory disorders

Source of NmU Target cell types Receptors Inflammatory mediators Signalling transduction Effect of NmU Related diseases References
– Mouse Th2 cell line D10.G4.1 NmUR1 IL‐4, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐13 Ca2+, PLC, calcineurin, MEK, PI3K Promote Th2‐induced inflammation Th2‐mediated disorders such as asthma Johnson (2004) 74
Keratinocytes Mast cells NmUR1 TNF‐α, IL‐6, MIP‐2, ICAM‐1, β‐hexosaminidase Ca2+ Promote mast cell‐mediated inflammation Hyperalgesia Moriyama (2005) 13
Macrophages Macrophages NmUR1 IL‐6 Ca2+, ERK, PI3K Enhance IL‐6 production from macrophages Endotoxaemia Moriyama (2006) 9
Sensory neurons or immune cells Y‐16 cell line, eosinophils NmUR1 – Ca2+, ERK Promote eosinophil migration Allergic disorders Moriyama (2006) 10
– – – IL‐6 – No pro‐inflammatory effect – Abbondanzo (2009) 48
Haematopoietic cells – – – Ca2+ Promote autoantibody‐mediated inflammation Arthritis Rao (2012) 49
Keratinocytes – – IFN‐γ, IL‐4, IL‐23 – Negative regulator of allergic skin inflammation Atopic dermatitis Mizukawa (2016) 104
Sensory neurons ILC2s  NmUR1 IL‐5, IL‐13, Areg, Csf Ca2+‐calcineurin/NFAT, ERK Fight against worm infection at early stage Worm infection, lung inflammation Cardoso (2017) 11
Enteric cholinergic neurons ILC2s NmUR1 IL‐5, IL‐9, IL‐13 Gαq ‐dependent signalling Promote ILC2‐mediated inflammation at mucosal sites Worm infection, allergic inflammation Klose (2017) 65
Neurons ILC2s NmUR1 IL‐5, IL‐13 – Mediate alarmin or allergen‐driven ILC2‐mediated allergic responses Mucosal allergic disorders Wallrapp (2017) 64
Vascular endothelial cells Platelets NmUR1 P‐selectin Ca2+, P2Y12 signalling Enhance human platelet activation and aggregation Platelet‐related diseases Grippi (2017) 73
Keratinocytes Mast cells Mrgprb2, MRGPRX2 β‐Hexosaminidase – Induce mast cell activation Skin allergic diseases Matsuo (2018) 50

Areg, amphiregulin; Csf2, colony‐stimulating factor 2; ICAM‐1, intracellular cell adhesion molecule 1; MIP‐2, macrophage inflammatory protein 2.