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. 2020 Dec 10;4:33. doi: 10.1038/s41698-020-00138-z

Table 2.

Possible correlations of lung cancer microbiome with other respiratory illnesses.

Categories Phylum/Genus Respiratory illnesses Major findings
Bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilu influenza, Moraxella Catarrhali, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa COPD These bacteria are more colonized in COPD patients epidemiologically, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in COPD patients may indicate worse status107
Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria COPD Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria may induce a more intense inflammation in severe COPD26
Proteobacteria (particularly Haemophilus spp) and Bacteroidetes (particularly Prevotella spp) COPD More Pathogenic Proteobacteria (particularly Haemophilus spp) and less Bacteroidetes (particularly Prevotella spp) were detected in COPD patients compared to general people109
Veillonella and Prevotella COPD A significant correlation with Veillonella and Prevotella in BAL in the early COPD patients was identified23
Gemella, and Porphyromonas etc. IPF Radiographic honeycombing can alter lung microbiota of patients with IPF, which may exacerbate the anatomic disruption of IPF in a bidirectional interaction125
Staphylococcus aureus IPF Staphylococcus aureus was frequently observed culture-positivity in the BAL fluid of patients with IPF113
Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. IPF Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. were positively correlated with IPS progression and co-trimoxazole with antibiotic therapy can improve condition108,116
Campylobacter, Stenotrophomonas and Veillonella IPF There were increased Campylobacter and Stenotrophomonas and decreased Veillonella in acute exacerbation of IPF compared to stable IPF111
Streptococcus pneumoniae IPF Streptococcus pneumoniae triggers progression of pulmonary fibrosis through pneumolysin110
Moraxella, and Corynebacterium Asthma Specific bacterial genera are shared between the nasal and the bronchial mucosa which are associated with markers of systemic and bronchial inflammation27
Gram-negative bacteria Asthma A component of Gram-negative bacteria, LPS, can decrease asthma level in mice via induction of the ubiquitin-modifying enzyme A20115
Pseudomonas aeruginosa CF The oral dominant and pathogen (Pseudomonas Aeruginosa) can contribute to inflammation and lung structure changes112
Streptococcus milleri group (SMG) CF Streptococcus milleri group (SMG) established chronic pulmonary infections in 39% of acute pulmonary exacerbations117
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia or P aeruginosa Non-CF Bronchiectasis Host genotype (fucosyltransferase 2 secretors) is linked to increased P aeruginosa, which is consistently associated with exacerbations and poorer lung function, clinical outcomes, and mortality106,118
Proteobacterisa (e.g., Haemophilus sp., Pseudomonas sp.) Non-CF Bronchiectasis Proteobacterisa occupied major part in microbiome communities in sputum samples from baseline to exacerbation of Non-CF Bronchiectasis114
Fungus Candia, Phialosimplex, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Eutypella COPD COPD patients have personalized structures and varieties in sputum microbial community during hospitalization periods123
Aspergillus COPD A. fumigatus senitization is related to poor lung function and positive filamentous fungal culture is a common feature of COPD119
Aspergillus IPF Infection with aspergillosis contributes to chronic fibrosing pulmonary aspergillosis, which may result in chronic scarring of the lungs120122
Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium herbarum Asthma A large cross-sectional study of 1132 adults with asthma found that senitization to Alternaria alternata or Cladosporium herbarum is a significant risk factor for severe asthma in several European countries and Australia, New Zealand, and Portland124

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, CF cystic fibrosis, BALF bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, LPS lipopolysaccharide.