Table 2.
Categories | Phylum/Genus | Respiratory illnesses | Major findings |
---|---|---|---|
Bacteria | Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilu influenza, Moraxella Catarrhali, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa | COPD | These bacteria are more colonized in COPD patients epidemiologically, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in COPD patients may indicate worse status107 |
Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria | COPD | Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria may induce a more intense inflammation in severe COPD26 | |
Proteobacteria (particularly Haemophilus spp) and Bacteroidetes (particularly Prevotella spp) | COPD | More Pathogenic Proteobacteria (particularly Haemophilus spp) and less Bacteroidetes (particularly Prevotella spp) were detected in COPD patients compared to general people109 | |
Veillonella and Prevotella | COPD | A significant correlation with Veillonella and Prevotella in BAL in the early COPD patients was identified23 | |
Gemella, and Porphyromonas etc. | IPF | Radiographic honeycombing can alter lung microbiota of patients with IPF, which may exacerbate the anatomic disruption of IPF in a bidirectional interaction125 | |
Staphylococcus aureus | IPF | Staphylococcus aureus was frequently observed culture-positivity in the BAL fluid of patients with IPF113 | |
Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. | IPF | Staphylococcus sp. and Streptococcus sp. were positively correlated with IPS progression and co-trimoxazole with antibiotic therapy can improve condition108,116 | |
Campylobacter, Stenotrophomonas and Veillonella | IPF | There were increased Campylobacter and Stenotrophomonas and decreased Veillonella in acute exacerbation of IPF compared to stable IPF111 | |
Streptococcus pneumoniae | IPF | Streptococcus pneumoniae triggers progression of pulmonary fibrosis through pneumolysin110 | |
Moraxella, and Corynebacterium | Asthma | Specific bacterial genera are shared between the nasal and the bronchial mucosa which are associated with markers of systemic and bronchial inflammation27 | |
Gram-negative bacteria | Asthma | A component of Gram-negative bacteria, LPS, can decrease asthma level in mice via induction of the ubiquitin-modifying enzyme A20115 | |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | CF | The oral dominant and pathogen (Pseudomonas Aeruginosa) can contribute to inflammation and lung structure changes112 | |
Streptococcus milleri group (SMG) | CF | Streptococcus milleri group (SMG) established chronic pulmonary infections in 39% of acute pulmonary exacerbations117 | |
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia or P aeruginosa | Non-CF Bronchiectasis | Host genotype (fucosyltransferase 2 secretors) is linked to increased P aeruginosa, which is consistently associated with exacerbations and poorer lung function, clinical outcomes, and mortality106,118 | |
Proteobacterisa (e.g., Haemophilus sp., Pseudomonas sp.) | Non-CF Bronchiectasis | Proteobacterisa occupied major part in microbiome communities in sputum samples from baseline to exacerbation of Non-CF Bronchiectasis114 | |
Fungus | Candia, Phialosimplex, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, and Eutypella | COPD | COPD patients have personalized structures and varieties in sputum microbial community during hospitalization periods123 |
Aspergillus | COPD | A. fumigatus senitization is related to poor lung function and positive filamentous fungal culture is a common feature of COPD119 | |
Aspergillus | IPF | Infection with aspergillosis contributes to chronic fibrosing pulmonary aspergillosis, which may result in chronic scarring of the lungs120–122 | |
Alternaria alternata and Cladosporium herbarum | Asthma | A large cross-sectional study of 1132 adults with asthma found that senitization to Alternaria alternata or Cladosporium herbarum is a significant risk factor for severe asthma in several European countries and Australia, New Zealand, and Portland124 |
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease IPF idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, CF cystic fibrosis, BALF bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, LPS lipopolysaccharide.