Table 3.
Sensorimotor function, and balance, and walking performance pre- and post-training.
| Control Group | Experimental Group | Pre-Training between-Group Comparisons | Post-Training between-Group Comparisons | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-Training | Post-Training | Pre-Training | Post-Training | Mean Difference (95%CI) | p | Mean Difference (95%CI) | p | |
| Sensorimotor function | ||||||||
| Unaffected hand grip (kg) $ | 21.5 ± 12.0 | 23.5 ± 11.8 | 21.9 ± 7.9 | 23.8 ± 8.2 | 0.386 | 0.357 | ||
| Affected plantar sensitivity (log) $ | 4.8 ± 0.8 | 4.6 ± 0.8 | 4.9 ± 1.1 | 4.9 ± 1.0 | 0.708 | 0.708 | ||
| FMLE motor $ | 17.4 ± 5.5 | 18.7 ± 5.3 | 18.3 ± 6.3 | 18.6 ± 5.8 | 0.682 | 0.97 | ||
| STREAM $ | 36.6 ± 16.8 | 43.2 ± 14.0 | 40.2 ± 14.5 | 49.1 ± 13.9 | 0.369 | 0.218 | ||
| TIS total # | 14.9 ± 2.7 | 16.6 ± 1.7 | 14.6 ± 3.1 | 17.9 ± 2.3 | 0.804 (−1.006–2.613) | 0.373 | −1.458 (−2.814–−0.101) | 0.035 |
| 6 m walk (s) *$ | 34.4 ± 21.1 (n = 12) |
36.4 ± 22.5 (n = 17) |
29.7 ± 14.5 (n = 17) |
17.3 ± 8.0 (n = 18) |
0.434 | 0.012 | ||
| Sitting with foot support | ||||||||
| Static sway area (mm2) $ | 9.7 ± 8.7 | 11.3 ± 6.9 | 15.1 ± 18.5 | 9.5 ± 6.0 | 0.195 | 0.195 | ||
| Forward leaning (mm2) # | 39.1 ± 17.3 | 46.1 ± 20.2 | 55.8 ± 22.5 | 57.7 ± 18.0 | −16.690 (−30.547–−2.832) | 0.02 | −11.685 (−24.876–1.505) | 0.078 |
| Arm raising (degree/sec) $ | 124.8 ± 54.4 | 124.4 ± 42.5 | 132.5 ± 39.6 | 158.7 ± 41.6 | 0.732 | 0.564 | ||
| Sitting without foot support | ||||||||
| Static sway area (mm2) $ | 21.1 ± 18.6 | 17.4 ± 9.6 | 15.0 ± 10.5 | 11.9 ± 5.5 | 0.684 | 0.045 | ||
| Forward leaning (mm) ^# | 39.7 ± 16.6 | 41.1 ± 15.7 | 39.7 ± 13.0 | 53.4 ± 20.3 | 0.024 (−10.314–10.362) | 0.095 | −12.208 (−24.659–−0.242) | 0.001 |
| Arm raising (degree/sec) # | 132.1 ± 49.7 | 134.3 ± 41.5 | 135.8 ± 42.4 | 157.5 ± 33.3 | −3.665 (−35.581–28.252) | 0.816 | −35.187 (−61.016–−9.359) | 0.009 |
| Standing balance | ||||||||
| Static sway area (mm2) $ | 675.0 ± 499.2 | 486.0 ± 413.6 | 539.8 ± 319.3 | 385.5 ± 245.8 | 0.721 | 0.483 | ||
| Forward leaning (mm2) ^# | 44.2 ± 17.5 | 40.4 ± 14.0 | 50.4 ± 13.1 | 60.9 ± 17.2 | −5.640 (−17.098–5.818) | 0.296 | −16.076 (−27.338–−4.813) | 0.007 |
| Arm raising (degree/sec) $ | 129.6 ± 58.0 | 127.7 ± 44.4 | 130.2 ± 36.3 | 162.2 ± 42.9 | 0.935 | 0.219 | ||
FMLE motor: Fugl-Meyer lower extremity motor scale; TIS: trunk impairment scale; STREAM: stroke rehabilitation assessment of movement; CI: confidence interval; n = number of participants in the analysis; * participants who were unable to complete the test were excluded from data analysis; # follow-up independent t test after repeated measures ANOVA; ^ group × time interaction nonsignificant; $ p values from Mann–Whitney U test.