Table 1.
Role of EVs in cutaneous diseases.
| Cutaneous Disease Type | Exosome or Extracellular Vesicle | Underlying Mechanisms | Biomarkers/Associated Proteins/RNAs | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Psoriasis | Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) derived exosomes, apoptotic bodies | Enhancement of osteoclastogenesis | let-7b-5p, miR-30e-5p | [189,190] |
| IL-17A producing exosomes | T-cell activator mediated innate immunity and contributing to pathogenesis of inflammation | CD1a autoreactive T cells | [126,127] | |
| Plasma derived exosomes | Development of immune diseases and bone metallic dysfunction | has-miR-151a-3p, has-miR-199a-5p, has-mimR-370-3p | [133] | |
| Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) | Oral SCC derived EVs | Potential biomarkers | miR-512-3p, miR-412-3p | [191] |
| CAF derived exosomes | Predictor of cisplatin resistance | miR-196a | [192] | |
| Serum derived exosomes | Valuable biomarker | HOTAIR, miR-21 | [98,193] | |
| Alopecia areata | Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) exosomes | Partial hair regrowth and progression prevention | FoxP3, arginase 1 | [182] |
| Bullous pemphigoid | Keratinocyte EVs | Inflammatory and immune responses | CD63, CD81, CD9 | [184] |
| Blister fluid derived exosomes | Inflammatory and immune responses | TNF-a, CXCL8 and IL-6 | [12,184] | |
| Melanoma | NK-92 cells derived exosomes | Cytotoxic effects against melanoma | FasL, ALIX, CD63 | [12] |
| T-cells derived EVs | Prolonged progression free survival and overall improved survival | PD-1 and CD28 | [12,96] | |
| Plasma of metastasis melanoma EVs | Useful biomarkers for disease progression | S100B, miR-17, -19a, -21, -126 and -149. | [16] | |
| EVs | Gadd45b, WNT | miR-300, miR-149,miR-211, let7a etc. | [95,96] | |
| Melanoma derived exosomes | Biomarker for Increase in cell invasion and migration | CD-81 | [194] | |
| Systematic sclerosis (SS) | SS fibroblast derived exosomes | Acceleration of skin healing | CD63, CD9, CD81 | [180,181] |
| Exosomes isolates from SS serum | Apoptosis and collagen expression regulation | let-7g, miR-23b, miR-17, miR-29a | [181,195] | |
| Atopic dermatitis (AD) | Adipose tissue (AT)—derived exosomes | Cell-free therapy, relieve from AD symptoms | CD86+ and CD206+ cells | [144] |
| Fungi-derived exosome like vesicles | Skin pH regulation | Inducing TNFa and IL-4 responses | [12,196] | |
| Wound healing | MSCs derived EVs | Skin repair, cell migration, restoring skin integrity | miR-205 | [197] |
| Adipose mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs) exosomes | Tissue regeneration, cell migration, collagen synthesis, proliferation | cyclin-1, N-cadherin, collagen I, III, PCNA | [198] | |
| LPS-pretreated hUC-dMSCs EVs | Anti-inflammatory properties | miRNA let-7b | [169] |