Table 2.
Analytical methods to determine tryptamines in conventional and non-conventional biological matrices.
| Analytes | Sample (µL) | Sample Preparation | Method | Mobile Phase | Linear Range (ng/mL) | LOD (ng/mL) |
LOQ (ng/mL) | Recovery (%) | Accuracy (%) | Intraday Precision (%) | Interday Precision (%) | Concentration (ng/mL) | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5-MeO-DMT α-MT DiPT DMT DPT MiPT |
P: 1000 | Dilute; SPE; Evaporate; Resuspend |
LC-MS/MS (positive ESI; MRM) |
A: 1mM AmFo with 0.1% FA; B: MeOH with 0.1% FA |
NA | 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Wohlfarth, 2010 [109] |
| DMT | B: 1000 | Dilute; SPE; Evaporate; Resuspend |
LC-QTrap/MS (positive ESI; MRM) | A: 5 mM AmFo with 0.1% FA; B:MeOH with 0.1% FA |
NA | 0.1 | 0.2 | 94.0–102.9 | 83.2–95.1 | 3.7–9.3 | 2.5–14.1 | 1.2–19.8 | Oliveira, 2012 [110] |
| Psilocin | P: 500 | Dilute; Centrifuge; SPE; Evaporate; Resuspend |
LC-MS/MS (positive EI; MRM) |
A: MeOH with 0.1% FA; B: 2 mM AmAc with 0.1% FA |
2–100 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 86 | −8.8–4.1 | 1.5–2.7 | 2.4–4.3 | NA | Martin, 2012 [111] |
| Psilocin Bufotenine |
S: 1000 | Dilute; Centrifuge |
LC-MS/MS (positive EI; MRM) | A: ACN with 0.1% FA; B: 2 mM AmAc buffer with 0.1% FA (pH3) |
1–17.5 | 0.05 0.05 |
0.17 0.1 |
95 91.6 |
−2.9–−1.1 −3.1–−0.6 |
1.16–1.68 3–4.3 |
2.27–4.5 5.43–6.52 |
0.2–0.5 0.5 |
Martin, 2013 [112] |
| Psilocin Bufotenine |
P: 1000 | Dilute; Centrifuge |
LC-MS/MS (positive EI; MRM) |
A: ACN with 0.1% FA; B: 2 mM AmAc buffer with 0.1% FA (pH3) |
1–17.5 | 0.05 0.07 |
0.15 0.27 |
93.5 91.3 |
−2.9–−1.1 −3.1–−0.6 |
1.16–1.68 3–4.3 |
2.27–4.5 5.43–6.52 |
NA | Martin, 2013 [112] |
| Psilocin Bufotenine |
U: 500 | Enzymatic hydrolysis; Centrifuge; SPE;Evaporate; Resuspend |
LC-MS/MS (positive EI; MRM) |
A: ACN with 0.1% FA; B: 2 mM AmAc buffer with 0.1% FA (pH3) |
1–17.5 | 0.2 0.1 |
0.2 0.14 |
91.8 88.8 |
−2.9–−1.1 −3.1–−0.6 |
1.16–1.68 3–4.3 |
2.27–4.5 5.43–6.52 |
11–13 1.6–5.9 |
Martin, 2013 [112] |
| 5-MeO-DALT 5-MeO-DMT α-MT DiPT DMT DPT |
B: 10 | Dilute; DBS; Evaporate; Resuspend. |
LC-MS/MS (positive ESI; MRM) |
A: water with 0.1% FA; B: ACN with 0.1% FA; |
NA | 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Ambach, 2014 [113] |
| 5-MeO-DALT 5-MeO-DMT α-MT DiPT DMT DPT |
B: 500 | Dilute; Centrifuge; SPE; Wash; Evaporate; Resuspend. |
LC-MS/MS (positive ESI; sMRM) |
A: 10 mM AmFo with 0.1% FA; B: MeOH with 0.1% FA |
2.5–1000 | NA | 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 52.5 |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Ambach, 2015 [114] |
| 5-MeO-DALT 5-MeO-DMT α-MT DiPT DMT DPT |
U: 250 | LLE: Dilute; Centrifuge; Organic phase: evaporated; Residue: resuspended. |
LC-MS/MS (positive ESI; sMRM) |
A: 10 mM AmFo with 0.1% FA; B: MeOH with 0.1% FA |
1 1 2.5 1 2.5 1 |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Ambach, 2015 [114] |
||
| 5-MeO-DALT | B: 500 | Protein precipitation; DLLME; Centrifuge; Resuspend | LC–MS/MS (positive ESI; sMRM) |
A:5mM AmFo with 0.1% AF; B: MeOH with 0.1% FA |
2–1000 | 0.2–2 | NA | 5–110 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Odoardi, 2015 [115] |
| Psilocin Bufotenine |
H: 50 mg | Wash; Centrifuge; Resuspend |
LC-MS/MS (positive EI; MRM) |
A: ACN with 0.1% FA; B: 2 mM AmAc buffer with 0.1% FA |
0.04–2 | 10 pg/mg | 16 pg/mg 22 pg/mg |
NA | −2.5–−0. 54–8.8 |
0.8–2.47 4.8–8.3 |
1.78–2.91 6.7–9.6 |
0.14–1.45 |
Martin, 2015 [116] |
| DALT 5-MeO-DALT |
U:100 | Dilute; Centrifuge; Evaporate; Resuspend |
LC-HR-MS/MS (positive ionization; full scan & DDA) |
A: 2 mM AmFo with 0.1% FA; B: 2 mM AmFo : ACN:MeOH (50:50, v/v; 1% water) with 0.1% FA |
NA | 1 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Michely, 2015 [102] |
| DALT 5-MeO-DALT |
U: 5000 | Acid hydrolysis | GC–MS SUSA (positive EI; full scan) |
helium | NA | 10 50 |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Michely, 2015 [102] |
| 4-OH-DET 4-OH-DIPT 4-OH-MET 4-OH-MIPT 4-MeO-DMT 4-AcO-DiPT 5-MeO-α-MT 5-Meo-DALT 5-MeO-DiPT 5-MeO-DMT 5-MeO-MiPT α-MT DiPT DMT DPT MET NMT DET |
B: 200 | Dilute; Protein precipitation; Centrifuge; Evaporate; Resuspend |
LC-MS/MS (positive ESI; dMRM) |
A: ACN with 0.1% FA; B: water with 0.1% FA |
1–100 | 0.06 1.05 NA NA 2.98 0.99 0.11 1.11 0.15 2.61 NA 2.61 0.88 0.08 0.30 NA 1.50 0.72 |
NA | 17.1 | DMT:111 | DMT:7 | DMT: 10.3 | DMT:11.1 | Adamowicz, 2016 [117] |
| DALT 2-Ph-DALT 4-AcO-DALT 4-OH-DALT 5-Me-DALT 5-MeO-DALT 5-MeO-2-Me-DALT 5-EtO-DALT 5-F-DALT 5-F-2-Me-DALT 5-Cl-DALT 5-Br-DALT 6-F-DALT 7-Me-DALT 7-Et-DALT |
B, P, U: NA |
Dilute and shoot | GC-MS; sIR; (positive ESI; full scan & PDA) | helium | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Brandt, 2016 [118] |
| DALT 2-Ph-DALT 4-AcO-DALT 4-OH-DALT 5-Me-DALT 5-MeO-DALT 5-MeO-2-Me-DALT 5-EtO-DALT 5-F-DALT 5-F-2-Me-DALT 5-Cl-DALT 5-Br-DALT 6-F-DALT 7-Me-DALT 7-Et-DALT |
B, P, U: NA | Dilute and shoot | LC-MS; sIR; (positive HESI; full scan & DDA) | A: water with 0.1% FA; B: ACN with 0.1% FA |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Brandt, 2016 [118] |
| 5-MeO-DiPT 4-OH-DiPT |
B: 200 | Protein precipitation; Centrifuge; Evaporate; Resuspend |
LC-MS/MS (positive ESI; MRM; full scan & DDA) |
A: 5 mM FA B: ACN |
1–100 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 84 91 |
−13.3–6.3 7.7–14.7 |
−9.9–14.9 2.2–15.7 |
9.7–14.6 6.9–14.1 |
NA | Vaiano, 2016 [119] |
| DMT 5-MeO-DMT α-MT |
OF: 500 | Dilution; LLE; Centrifuge; Evaporate; Resuspend |
UHPLC-MS/MS (positive ESI; MRM) | A:10mM AmFo B: meOH |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Gjerde, 2016 [120] |
| 5-MeO-MiPT | S: 100 | Dilute; Centrifuge; Evaporate; Resuspend |
UHPLC-HRMS XEVO G2 QTOFMS (positive ESI) |
A: water with 0.01% FA; B:MeOH with 0.01% FA |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Fabregat-Safont, 2017 [121] |
| 5-MeO-MiPT | U: 200 | Enzymatic hydrolysis; Protein precipitation; Centrifuge |
UHPLC-HRMS interfaced to a XEVO G2 QTOF MS(positive ESI) |
A: water with 0.01% FA; B:MeOH with 0.01% FA |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Fabregat-Safont, 2017 [121] |
| 5-MeO-MiPT | U: 100 | Protein precipitation; Centrifuge | UHPLC-HRMS interfaced to a XEVO G2 QTOF MS (positive ESI) |
A: water with 0.01% FA; B:MeOH with 0.01% FA |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Fabregat-Safont, 2017 [121] |
| 5-F-DALT 7-Me-DALT 6-MD-DALT |
U: 100 | Dilute; Centrifuge; Evaporate; Resuspend |
LC-HRMS/MS (positive HESI; full scan & DDA |
A: 2 mM aqueous AmFo with 0.1% FA (pH 3); B: 2 mM aqueous AmFo with ACN:MeOH (1:1, v/v; 1% water) with 0.1% FA |
NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Michely, 2017 [122] |
| 5-F-DALT 7-Me-DALT 5,6-MD-DALT |
U: 2500 | Acid hydrolysis | GC-MS SUSA (positive ESI; full scan) |
helium | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Michely, 2017 [122] |
| Psilocin DMT 5-MeO-DMT |
B: 1000 | Centrifuge; Evaporate; Resuspend |
LC-MS/MS (positive ESI; dMRM) |
A: 5mM AmFo in water with 0.01% FA; B: ACN with 0.01% FA |
NA | 2.50 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Fagiola, 2018 [123] |
| Psilocin DMT 5-MeO-DMT |
U: 1000 | Centrifuge; Evaporate; Resuspend |
LC-MS/MS (positive ESI; dMRM) |
A: 5mM AmFo in water with 0.01% FA; B: ACN with 0.01% FA |
NA | 2.50 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Fagiola, 2018 [123] |
| 5-MeO-DiPT | H: 30 mg | Wash; Pulverize; Centrifuge |
LC-MS/MS (positive ESI; MRM) |
A: 20 mM AmAc, 5% ACN and water with 0.1% FA; B: ACN with 0.1% FA |
0.1–100 pg/mg | NA | 0.1 pg/mg | 91.1–112 | 92.1–106 | <13 | 12.1–17.0 | 0.2–7533 pg/mg | Roujia, 2019 [124] |
| DMT Psilocybin |
U: NA | Dilute | LC-QTOF (positive ESI) |
A: 5 mM AmFo (pH 3) B: ACN with 0.1% AF |
NA | 1–2 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Pope, 2019 [125] |
| 5-MeO-DiPT 5-OH-DiPT 5-MeO-IPT |
U:1000 | Centrifuge; Resuspend | GC- Orbitrap- MS (positive EI; full scan) |
helium | 2–300 | 1 | 2 | 92.4–98.4 | 93–108.7 | 3.1–7.2 | 7.2–10.3 | 2–2.8 | Yan, 2020 [126] |
Abbreviations: 5-MeO-DMT, 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; α-MT, α-methyltryptamine; DiPT, N,N-diisopropyltryptamine; DMT, N,N-dimethyltryptamine; DPT, N,N-dipropyltryptamine; DET; N,N-diethyltryptamine; MiPT, N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine; 5-MeO-DALT, 5-Methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine; DPT, N,N-dipropyltryptamine; 4-OH-DET, 4-Hydroxy-N,N-diethyltryptamine; 4-OH-DIPT, 4-Hydroxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine; 4-AcO-DiPT, 4-Acetoxy- N,N-diisopropyltryptamine; 4-OH-MET, 4-Hydroxy-N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine; 4-OH-MIPT, 4-Hydroxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine; 4-MeO-DMT, 4-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; 5-MeO-α-MT, 5-Methoxy-alfa-methyltryptamine; 5-MeO-DiPT, 5-Methoxy-N,N-diisopropyltryptamine; 5-MeO-DMT, 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine; 5-MeO-MiPT, 5-Methoxy-N-methyl-N-isopropyltryptamine; MET, N-methyl-N-ethyltryptamine; DET, N,N-diethyltryptamine; NMT, N-methyltryptamine; DALT, N,N-diallyltryptamine; 5-MeO-DALT, 5-Methoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 2-Ph-DALT, 2-Phenyl-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 4-AcO-DALT, 4-Acetoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 4-OH-DALT, 4-Hydroxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 5-Me-DALT, 5-Methyl-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 5-MeO-2-Me-DALT, 5-Methoxy-2-methyl-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 5-EtO-DALT, 5-Ethoxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 5-F-DALT, 5-Fluoro-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 5-F-2-Me-DALT, 5-Fluoro-2-methyl-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 5-Cl-DALT, 5-Chloro-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 5-Br-DALT, 5-Bromo-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 6-F-DALT, 6-Fluoro-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 7-Me-DALT, 7-Methyl-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 7-Et-DALT, 7-Ethyl-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 6-MD-DALT, 6-Methylenedioxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 5,6-MD-DALT, 5, 6-Methylenedioxy-N,N-diallyltryptamine; 5-MeO-IPT, 5-Methoxy-isopropyltryptamine; H, hair; B, blood; U, urine; S, serum; P, plasma; SPE, solid phase extraction; LLE, liquid liquid extraction; DLLME, dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; DBS, dried blood spots; UPLC, ultra-performance liquid chromatography; LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry in tandem; LC- HRMS/MS, liquid chromatography high resolution coupled with mass spectrometry in tandem; DDA, data dependent acquisition; PDA, photodiode array acquisition; sMRM, scheduled multiple reaction monitoring; dMRM, dynamic multiple reaction monitoring; QTrap, triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer; UHPLC-HRMS, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry; GC-Orbitrap-MS, gas chromatography coupled with Orbitrap mass spectrometry; HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography; UHPLC, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography; LC-QTOF, liquid chromatography coupled to a Quadrupole Time of Flight mass spectrometer; GC-MS, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry; ESI, electrospray ionization; HESI, heated electro spray ionization; EI, electron ionization; MRM, multiple reaction monitoring; GC-sIR, Gas chromatography solid-state infrared analysis; AmAc, ammonium acetate; FA, formic acid; ACN, acetonitrile; AmFo, ammonium formate; MeOH, methanol; LOD, lower limit of detection; LOQ, limit of quantification; NA, not available.