Table 4.
Multivariate regression of tablet usage (hours per day) on 1-year change in spherical equivalent refraction (SER), imputed data.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Usage (h/day) | Mean (95% CI) | p-Value (Comparison with 0–1) | Mean (95% CI) | p-Value (Comparison with 0–1) | Mean (95% CI) | p-Value (Comparison with 0–1) |
| Right eye | ||||||
| 0–1 | −0.24 (−0.30, −0.18) | Ref | −0.25 (−0.32, −0.19) | Ref | −0.22 (−0.34, −0.09) | Ref |
| 1–2 | −0.09 (−0.23, 0.05) | 0.053 | −0.09 (−0.23, 0.05) | 0.04 | −0.07 (−0.24, 0.10) | 0.04 |
| 2–3 | −0.25 (−0.42, −0.07) | 0.94 | −0.28 (−0.46, −0.10) | 0.80 | −0.22 (−0.42, −0.02) | 0.80 |
| 3–4 | −0.21 (−0.44, 0.01) | 0.84 | −0.22 (−0.44, 0.01) | 0.76 | −0.18 (−0.43, 0.06) | 0.74 |
| 4+ | −0.16 (−0.28, −0.03) | 0.26 | −0.17 (−0.30, −0.04) | 0.27 | −0.14 (−0.31, 0.03) | 0.28 |
| Left eye | ||||||
| 0–1 | −0.24 (−0.30, −0.18) | Ref | −0.24 (−0.30, −0.18) | Ref | −0.23 (−0.36, −0.10) | Ref |
| 1–2 | −0.08 (−0.22, 0.06) | 0.08 | −0.07 (−0.22, 0.07) | 0.03 | −0.10 (−0.27, 0.07) | 0.04 |
| 2–3 | −0.26 (−0.43, −0.08) | 0.09 | −0.28 (−0.46, −0.10) | 0.71 | −0.26 (−0.46, −0.05) | 0.80 |
| 3–4 | −0.18 (−0.40, 0.04) | 0.12 | −0.16 (−0.39, 0.06) | 0.52 | −0.18 (−0.42, 0.06) | 0.49 |
| 4+ | −0.13 (−0.25, −0.03) | 0.07 | −0.14 (−0.27, −0.01) | 0.16 | −0.15 (−0.32, 0.02) | 0.14 |
| Pillai’s trace p-value | 0.59 | 0.52 | 0.52 | |||
Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, and baseline SER; Model 2 adjusted for age, sex, baseline SER, parents’ short-sightedness, BMI, and time spent on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity; Model 3 adjusted for age, sex, baseline SER, parents’ short-sightedness, BMI, time spent on moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and caregiver-reported socio-economic status.