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. 2020 Dec 10;10:21672. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-77702-x

Table 1.

General characteristics of the study population.

Kidney function: eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2
Men (n = 4848) Women (n = 6194)
TOTAL Decreased functionc Normal functiond P value TOTAL Decreased function Normal function P value
N % N % N % N % N % N %
Uric acid level (mg/dL)b < 0.0001 < 0.0001
Q1 951 19.6 63 6.6 888 93.4 1367 22.1 270 19.8 1097 80.2
Q2 949 19.6 88 9.3 861 90.7 1318 21.3 341 25.9 977 74.1
Q3 945 19.5 102 10.8 843 89.2 1506 24.3 535 35.5 971 64.5
Q4 1081 22.3 166 15.4 915 84.6 1600 25.8 689 43.1 911 56.9
Hyperuricemia 922 19.0 229 24.8 693 75.2 403 6.5 249 61.8 154 38.2
BMIe < 0.0001 0.001
Underweight or Normal (< 23.0) 1610 33.2 166 10.3 1444 89.7 3031 48.9 950 31.3 2081 68.7
Overweight (23.0–24.9) 1267 26.1 173 13.7 1094 86.3 1267 20.5 456 36.0 811 64.0
Obese (≥ 25.0) 1971 40.7 309 15.7 1662 84.3 1896 30.6 678 35.8 1218 64.2
Waist circumference < 0.0001
Normal 2133 44.0 226 10.6 1907 89.4 4457 72.0 1430 32.1 3027 67.9
Abdominal obesity 2715 56.0 422 15.5 2293 84.5 1737 28.0 654 37.7 1083 62.3
Age < 0.0001 < 0.0001
< 40 1403 28.9 116 8.3 1287 91.7 1739 28.1 426 24.5 1313 75.5
40–49 911 18.8 95 10.4 816 89.6 1175 19.0 346 29.4 829 70.6
50–59 906 18.7 85 9.4 821 90.6 1206 19.5 378 31.3 828 68.7
60–69 842 17.4 133 15.8 709 84.2 1072 17.3 422 39.4 650 60.6
≥ 70 786 16.2 219 27.9 567 72.1 1002 16.2 512 51.1 490 48.9
Household income < 0.0001 < 0.0001
Low 828 17.1 166 20.0 662 80.0 1233 19.9 515 41.8 718 58.2
Mid-low 1157 23.9 154 13.3 1003 86.7 1523 24.6 491 32.2 1032 67.8
Mid-high 1373 28.3 165 12.0 1208 88.0 1699 27.4 501 29.5 1198 70.5
High 1490 30.7 163 10.9 1327 89.1 1739 28.1 577 33.2 1162 66.8
Educational level 0.0002 < 0.0001
≤ High school 2394 49.4 364 15.2 2030 84.8 3704 59.8 1353 36.5 2351 63.5
≥ College 2454 50.6 284 11.6 2170 88.4 2490 40.2 731 29.4 1759 70.6
Region 0.278 0.012
Metropolitan 2138 44.1 273 12.8 1865 87.2 2725 44.0 963 35.3 1762 64.7
Rural 2710 55.9 375 13.8 2335 86.2 3469 56.0 1121 32.3 2348 67.7
Occupational categoriesf < 0.0001 < 0.0001
White 1417 29.2 159 11.2 1258 88.8 1346 21.7 410 30.5 936 69.5
Pink 483 10.0 30 6.2 453 93.8 890 14.4 251 28.2 639 71.8
Blue 1620 33.4 199 12.3 1421 87.7 960 15.5 305 31.8 655 68.2
Unemployed 1328 27.4 260 19.6 1068 80.4 2998 48.4 1118 37.3 1880 62.7
Diabetes mellitus < 0.0001 < 0.0001
Yes 513 10.6 121 23.6 392 76.4 539 8.7 262 48.6 277 51.4
No 4335 89.4 527 12.2 3808 87.8 5655 91.3 1822 32.2 3833 67.8
Hypertension < 0.0001 < 0.0001
Yes 1278 26.4 307 24.0 971 76.0 1374 22.2 648 47.2 726 52.8
No 3570 73.6 341 9.6 3229 90.4 4820 77.8 1436 29.8 3384 70.2
Dyslipidemia < 0.0001 < 0.0001
Yes 757 15.6 143 18.9 614 81.1 1215 19.6 509 41.9 706 58.1
No 4091 84.4 505 12.3 3586 87.7 4979 80.4 1575 31.6 3404 68.4
Smoking status < 0.0001 0.316
Current smoker 1712 35.3 178 10.4 1534 89.6 303 4.9 90 29.7 213 70.3
Ex-smoker 2004 41.3 326 16.3 1678 83.7 353 5.7 122 34.6 231 65.4
Non-smoker 1132 23.3 144 12.7 988 87.3 5538 89.4 1872 33.8 3666 66.2
Drinking status < 0.0001 < 0.0001
Frequently 1772 36.6 204 11.5 1568 88.5 708 11.4 184 26.0 524 74.0
Occasionally 2256 46.5 286 12.7 1970 87.3 3350 54.1 1077 32.1 2273 67.9
Never 820 16.9 158 19.3 662 80.7 2136 34.5 823 38.5 1313 61.5
Physical activity 0.044 0.071
Active 2288 47.2 282 12.3 2006 87.7 2589 41.8 838 32.4 1751 67.6
Inactive 2560 52.8 366 14.3 2194 85.7 3605 58.2 1246 34.6 2359 65.4
Year 0.335 0.014
2016 2391 49.3 331 13.8 2060 86.2 3136 50.6 1074 34.2 2062 65.8
2017 2457 50.7 317 12.9 2140 87.1 3058 49.4 1010 33.0 2048 67.0
Total 4848 100.0 648 13.4 4200 86.6 6194 100.0 2084 33.6 4110 66.4

ªGlomerular filtration rate for the Korean population, estimated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation (mL/min per 1.73 m2) = 107.904 × (Creatinine in mg/dL)−1.009 × (age)−0.02 × 0.667 [if female].

bQ1: < 4.80 mg/dL, < 3.70 mg/dL; Q2: 4.80–5.49 mg/dL, 3.70–4.19 mg/dL; Q3: 5.50–6.09 mg/dL, 4.20–4.79 mg/dL; Q4: 6.10–6.99 mg/dL, 4.80–5.99 mg/dL; Hyperuricemia: ≥ 7.00 mg/dL, ≥ 6.00 mg/dL, respectively.

cDecreased function = eGFR < 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2; dNormal function = eGFR 90 ≥ mL/min per 1.73 m2.

eBMI body mass index; Obesity status defined by BMI based on the 2018 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Overweight and Obesity in Korea.

fThree groups (white, pink, and blue) based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations Codes. Unemployed group includes housewives.