Table 1.
Kidney function: eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2)ª | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men (n = 4848) | Women (n = 6194) | |||||||||||||
TOTAL | Decreased functionc | Normal functiond | P value | TOTAL | Decreased function | Normal function | P value | |||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
Uric acid level (mg/dL)b | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||||||
Q1 | 951 | 19.6 | 63 | 6.6 | 888 | 93.4 | 1367 | 22.1 | 270 | 19.8 | 1097 | 80.2 | ||
Q2 | 949 | 19.6 | 88 | 9.3 | 861 | 90.7 | 1318 | 21.3 | 341 | 25.9 | 977 | 74.1 | ||
Q3 | 945 | 19.5 | 102 | 10.8 | 843 | 89.2 | 1506 | 24.3 | 535 | 35.5 | 971 | 64.5 | ||
Q4 | 1081 | 22.3 | 166 | 15.4 | 915 | 84.6 | 1600 | 25.8 | 689 | 43.1 | 911 | 56.9 | ||
Hyperuricemia | 922 | 19.0 | 229 | 24.8 | 693 | 75.2 | 403 | 6.5 | 249 | 61.8 | 154 | 38.2 | ||
BMIe | < 0.0001 | 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Underweight or Normal (< 23.0) | 1610 | 33.2 | 166 | 10.3 | 1444 | 89.7 | 3031 | 48.9 | 950 | 31.3 | 2081 | 68.7 | ||
Overweight (23.0–24.9) | 1267 | 26.1 | 173 | 13.7 | 1094 | 86.3 | 1267 | 20.5 | 456 | 36.0 | 811 | 64.0 | ||
Obese (≥ 25.0) | 1971 | 40.7 | 309 | 15.7 | 1662 | 84.3 | 1896 | 30.6 | 678 | 35.8 | 1218 | 64.2 | ||
Waist circumference | < 0.0001 | |||||||||||||
Normal | 2133 | 44.0 | 226 | 10.6 | 1907 | 89.4 | 4457 | 72.0 | 1430 | 32.1 | 3027 | 67.9 | ||
Abdominal obesity | 2715 | 56.0 | 422 | 15.5 | 2293 | 84.5 | 1737 | 28.0 | 654 | 37.7 | 1083 | 62.3 | ||
Age | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||||||
< 40 | 1403 | 28.9 | 116 | 8.3 | 1287 | 91.7 | 1739 | 28.1 | 426 | 24.5 | 1313 | 75.5 | ||
40–49 | 911 | 18.8 | 95 | 10.4 | 816 | 89.6 | 1175 | 19.0 | 346 | 29.4 | 829 | 70.6 | ||
50–59 | 906 | 18.7 | 85 | 9.4 | 821 | 90.6 | 1206 | 19.5 | 378 | 31.3 | 828 | 68.7 | ||
60–69 | 842 | 17.4 | 133 | 15.8 | 709 | 84.2 | 1072 | 17.3 | 422 | 39.4 | 650 | 60.6 | ||
≥ 70 | 786 | 16.2 | 219 | 27.9 | 567 | 72.1 | 1002 | 16.2 | 512 | 51.1 | 490 | 48.9 | ||
Household income | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||||||
Low | 828 | 17.1 | 166 | 20.0 | 662 | 80.0 | 1233 | 19.9 | 515 | 41.8 | 718 | 58.2 | ||
Mid-low | 1157 | 23.9 | 154 | 13.3 | 1003 | 86.7 | 1523 | 24.6 | 491 | 32.2 | 1032 | 67.8 | ||
Mid-high | 1373 | 28.3 | 165 | 12.0 | 1208 | 88.0 | 1699 | 27.4 | 501 | 29.5 | 1198 | 70.5 | ||
High | 1490 | 30.7 | 163 | 10.9 | 1327 | 89.1 | 1739 | 28.1 | 577 | 33.2 | 1162 | 66.8 | ||
Educational level | 0.0002 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||||||
≤ High school | 2394 | 49.4 | 364 | 15.2 | 2030 | 84.8 | 3704 | 59.8 | 1353 | 36.5 | 2351 | 63.5 | ||
≥ College | 2454 | 50.6 | 284 | 11.6 | 2170 | 88.4 | 2490 | 40.2 | 731 | 29.4 | 1759 | 70.6 | ||
Region | 0.278 | 0.012 | ||||||||||||
Metropolitan | 2138 | 44.1 | 273 | 12.8 | 1865 | 87.2 | 2725 | 44.0 | 963 | 35.3 | 1762 | 64.7 | ||
Rural | 2710 | 55.9 | 375 | 13.8 | 2335 | 86.2 | 3469 | 56.0 | 1121 | 32.3 | 2348 | 67.7 | ||
Occupational categoriesf | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||||||
White | 1417 | 29.2 | 159 | 11.2 | 1258 | 88.8 | 1346 | 21.7 | 410 | 30.5 | 936 | 69.5 | ||
Pink | 483 | 10.0 | 30 | 6.2 | 453 | 93.8 | 890 | 14.4 | 251 | 28.2 | 639 | 71.8 | ||
Blue | 1620 | 33.4 | 199 | 12.3 | 1421 | 87.7 | 960 | 15.5 | 305 | 31.8 | 655 | 68.2 | ||
Unemployed | 1328 | 27.4 | 260 | 19.6 | 1068 | 80.4 | 2998 | 48.4 | 1118 | 37.3 | 1880 | 62.7 | ||
Diabetes mellitus | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||||||
Yes | 513 | 10.6 | 121 | 23.6 | 392 | 76.4 | 539 | 8.7 | 262 | 48.6 | 277 | 51.4 | ||
No | 4335 | 89.4 | 527 | 12.2 | 3808 | 87.8 | 5655 | 91.3 | 1822 | 32.2 | 3833 | 67.8 | ||
Hypertension | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||||||
Yes | 1278 | 26.4 | 307 | 24.0 | 971 | 76.0 | 1374 | 22.2 | 648 | 47.2 | 726 | 52.8 | ||
No | 3570 | 73.6 | 341 | 9.6 | 3229 | 90.4 | 4820 | 77.8 | 1436 | 29.8 | 3384 | 70.2 | ||
Dyslipidemia | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||||||
Yes | 757 | 15.6 | 143 | 18.9 | 614 | 81.1 | 1215 | 19.6 | 509 | 41.9 | 706 | 58.1 | ||
No | 4091 | 84.4 | 505 | 12.3 | 3586 | 87.7 | 4979 | 80.4 | 1575 | 31.6 | 3404 | 68.4 | ||
Smoking status | < 0.0001 | 0.316 | ||||||||||||
Current smoker | 1712 | 35.3 | 178 | 10.4 | 1534 | 89.6 | 303 | 4.9 | 90 | 29.7 | 213 | 70.3 | ||
Ex-smoker | 2004 | 41.3 | 326 | 16.3 | 1678 | 83.7 | 353 | 5.7 | 122 | 34.6 | 231 | 65.4 | ||
Non-smoker | 1132 | 23.3 | 144 | 12.7 | 988 | 87.3 | 5538 | 89.4 | 1872 | 33.8 | 3666 | 66.2 | ||
Drinking status | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||||||||
Frequently | 1772 | 36.6 | 204 | 11.5 | 1568 | 88.5 | 708 | 11.4 | 184 | 26.0 | 524 | 74.0 | ||
Occasionally | 2256 | 46.5 | 286 | 12.7 | 1970 | 87.3 | 3350 | 54.1 | 1077 | 32.1 | 2273 | 67.9 | ||
Never | 820 | 16.9 | 158 | 19.3 | 662 | 80.7 | 2136 | 34.5 | 823 | 38.5 | 1313 | 61.5 | ||
Physical activity | 0.044 | 0.071 | ||||||||||||
Active | 2288 | 47.2 | 282 | 12.3 | 2006 | 87.7 | 2589 | 41.8 | 838 | 32.4 | 1751 | 67.6 | ||
Inactive | 2560 | 52.8 | 366 | 14.3 | 2194 | 85.7 | 3605 | 58.2 | 1246 | 34.6 | 2359 | 65.4 | ||
Year | 0.335 | 0.014 | ||||||||||||
2016 | 2391 | 49.3 | 331 | 13.8 | 2060 | 86.2 | 3136 | 50.6 | 1074 | 34.2 | 2062 | 65.8 | ||
2017 | 2457 | 50.7 | 317 | 12.9 | 2140 | 87.1 | 3058 | 49.4 | 1010 | 33.0 | 2048 | 67.0 | ||
Total | 4848 | 100.0 | 648 | 13.4 | 4200 | 86.6 | 6194 | 100.0 | 2084 | 33.6 | 4110 | 66.4 |
ªGlomerular filtration rate for the Korean population, estimated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation (mL/min per 1.73 m2) = 107.904 × (Creatinine in mg/dL)−1.009 × (age)−0.02 × 0.667 [if female].
bQ1: < 4.80 mg/dL, < 3.70 mg/dL; Q2: 4.80–5.49 mg/dL, 3.70–4.19 mg/dL; Q3: 5.50–6.09 mg/dL, 4.20–4.79 mg/dL; Q4: 6.10–6.99 mg/dL, 4.80–5.99 mg/dL; Hyperuricemia: ≥ 7.00 mg/dL, ≥ 6.00 mg/dL, respectively.
cDecreased function = eGFR < 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2; dNormal function = eGFR 90 ≥ mL/min per 1.73 m2.
eBMI body mass index; Obesity status defined by BMI based on the 2018 Clinical Practice Guidelines for Overweight and Obesity in Korea.
fThree groups (white, pink, and blue) based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations Codes. Unemployed group includes housewives.