Table 1.

Triterpenoids with in vitro wound healing effects.

Phytocompound	Source	In vitro Method/Model	Biological Activity	Reference
Betulinic acid	Dillenia indica	Lipid peroxidation test/egg yolk	Protection against lipid peroxidation	[2]
	Diospyros kaki	Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages	HO-1/Nrf2 translocation suppressing the NF-κB pathway	[3]
	Pure compound	Rat cardiomyocyte-derived H9c2 cell/hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model	Protection against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury	[4]
Betulin	Birch bark	Human keratinocytes	Keratinocyte migration, increase of pro-inflammatory mediators	[5]
Lupeol	Bowdichia virgilioides Pure compound	Epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts/scratch wound healing assay UVA radiated dermal fibroblast	Enhancement in migration and wound closure and contraction of dermal fibroblasts; regulation via PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways Anti -aging effects by inhibiting p16, p21 and p-p53 and decreasing the MMP-1, -2, -3 expression.	[6,7]
Asiaticoside	Pure compound	Human dermal fibroblasts, human epidermal keratinocytes	increased migration rates of skin cells; enhance the initial skin cell adhesion; increase in the number of normal human dermal fibroblasts	[8]
	Pure compound	Human dermal fibroblasts	Increases the synthesis of type I collagen by activation of the Smad pathway	[9]
	Centella asiatica	HaCaT keratinocytes	Pro-migratory effect; upregulation of signaling pathways involved in wound healing:FAK, Akt, and MAPK	[10]
	Pure compound	Keloid primary fibroblast cultures	Inhibition of keloid fibroblasts proliferation and prevention of excessive scarring	[11,12]
Asiatic acid	Pure compound	Primary keloid and normal fibroblasts	Keloid prevention by inhibiting TGF-β1-induced collagen expression via PPAR-γ activation	[13]
Oleanolic acid	Viscum album	NIH/3T3 and HaCat cells/wound healing assay	Enhanced wound closure by stimulation of the migration of fibroblasts	[14]
	Pure compound	mink lung epithelial cells, MDA-MB-231	Stimulation of cell migration by stimulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases	[15]
Glycyrrhizin	Pure compound	Normal human dermal fibroblasts	Reduction of fibrosis, increase of apoptosis and reduction of autophagy in keloids by HMGB1 inhibition	[16]
Camellioside B	Camellia japonica	Normal human neonatal skin Fibroblasts	Enhanced proliferation	[17]
Perennisosides Asterbatanoside D Bernardioside B2, Bellissaponins	Bellis. perennis	Normal human dermal fibroblasts	Promotion of collagen synthesis	[18]
Ginsenosides	Panax ginseng CA Meyer	Human dermal fibroblast cells	Healing effect, increase in type I collagen synthesis by activating the Smad pathway	[19]
	Pure compound	HaCaT/wound scratch assay	Wound healing stimulation by increasing the migration of human keratinocytes through S1P dependent mechanism.	[20]
Cycloastragenol	Astragalus membranaceus	Human HaCaT keratinocytes and primary human dermal fibroblasts/Scratch wound test	Increase cell migration and proliferation by EGFR stimulation	[21]
	Pure compound	Human epidermal stem cells EpSCs	Wound healing by stimulation of EPSCS proliferation and migration by activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling	[22]
Astragaloside IV, Cyclocephaloside I Cyclocanthoside E	Pure compounds	human keratinocytes/migration scratch assay	Wound healing by proliferation and migration	[23]
Astragaloside VI	Astragalus membranaceus	Human HaCaT keratinocytes and primary human dermal fibroblasts	Stimulation of skin cell proliferation and migration by activation of EGFR,	[21]