Table 2.

Triterpenoids with in vivo wound healing effects.

Phytocompound	Source	In Vivo Method/Model	Biological Activity	Reference
1. EXCISION/INCISION WOUNDS MODEL
Betulin	Birch bark	Pig ear/porcine ex vivo excision wound healing model and re-epithelialization	Formation of the skin barrier, wound healing, re-epithelization	[5]
Lupeol	Bowdichia virgilioides	Male Wistar rats/streptozotocin induced hyperglycemia- excision wound model	Enhancement of the healing process through the anti-inflammatory effect of NF-κb signaling pathways	[24]
Asiaticoside	Centella asiatica	Rabbits/excision wound	Shortening of the epithelization period by increase in hydroxyproline content and induction of collagen synthesis	[25]
	Pure compound	Rabbits/excision wound	Accelerated wound healing, keloid prevention formation, invisible scar formation in open wounds showing tissue loss	[26]
	Pure compound	Guinea pigs/excision wound	Enhanced rate of wound healing by increase in collagen synthesis and tensile strength of the wound tissues	[27]
Oleanolic acid	Anredera diffusa	Male mice/excision wound	Enhanced cicatrizant activity	[28]
Bacosides	Bacopa monnieri	Swiss Wistar strain rats/incision wound models	Acceleration of epithelialization and wound contraction rate	[29]
Astragaloside IV, Cyclocephaloside I Cyclocanthoside E	Pure compounds	Sprague–Dawley male rats/incision wound model	Wound healing by enhanced cell density, regularly organized dermis and angiogenesis	[23]
Astragaloside IV	Pure compound	Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats/excision model	Faster wound closure by increased collagen synthesis and TGF-β1 levels	[30]
	Pure compound	Sprague–Dawle female rat/skin excision wound model	Acceleration of the wound re-epthelization, angiogenesis, scar prevention	[31]
2. BURN/THERMAL WOUNDS MODEL
Asiaticoside	Centella asiatica	Male Balb/c mice/burn wound model	Increase in burn wound repair by VEGF and IL-1β production	[32]
	Pure compound	Sprague-Dawley rats/burn wound model	Accelerated skin recovery in deep partial-thickness burn injury by VEGF prodiuction	[33]
Madecassoside	Centella asiatica	Male ICR mice/burn wound model	Accelerated burn wound healing by increased antioxidative activity, collagen synthesis and angiogenesis.	[34]
	Pure compound	Male Sprague-Dawley rats/burn wound model	Accelerated burn wound healing, wound contraction by stimulation of collagen synthesis, reducing oxidative stress and inducing vasodilatation	[35]
	Pure compound	SD rats/burn wound model	Scar reduction and wound healing improvement	[36]
Glycyrrhizin	Pure compound	BALB/c mice/burn wound model	Restores the synthesis of β-defensins and enhances the resistance to infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa	[37]
	Pure compound	Male Sprague-Dawley rats/thermal injury model	Anti-inflammatory effect and organ protection by inhibition of HMGB1	[38]
Ginsenosides	Panax ginseng CA Meyer	Male Balb/c mice/burn wound model	Reduction of wound area, enhanced wound healing by increased neovascularization and VEGF production	[39]
Bacosides	Pure compound	New Zealand Albino rabbits/thermal injury model	Reduction of the scarring area and scarring thickness by downregulation of MMP-1 or TGF-β1 proteins	[40]
3. SKIN FLAP WOUNDS MODEL
Betulinic acid	Pure compound	Male C57BL/6 mice/random-pattern skin flap model	Promotion of angiogenesis, reduction of tissue edema, increase in the survivability of the skin flap	[41]
Asiaticoside	Pure compound	Male Sprague–Dawley rats/experimental model of rat skin flaps	Enhancement in microcirculation and viability of the skin flaps	[42]
4. DIABETIC WOUNDS MODEL
Asiaticoside	Pure compound	SPF SD male rats/diabetic wound model	Accelerated healing of diabetic cutaneous ulcers by regulating Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway	[43]
	Pure compound	Sprague Dawley male rats/diabetic wound model	Enhanced rate of wound healing by increase in collagen synthesis and tensile strength of the wound tissues	[27]
5. GASTRIC ULCER MODEL
Oleanolic acid	Fabiana imbricata	Male Swiss Albino mice/induced gastric ulcer model	Gastroprotective effect	[44]
	Fabiana imbricata	Male Sprague–Dawley rats/induced gastric ulcer model	Regeneration of the lesions, increase in gastric mucosal thickness	[45]
6. INFECTED WOUND MODEL
Cycloastragenol (cycloastragenol-6-O-beta-D-glucoside)	Astragalus membranaceus	Male C57BL/6JNarl mice/infected wound healing	Wound healing activity by stimulation of angiogenesis	[21]
Astragaloside VI	Astragalus membranaceus	Male C57BL/6JNarl mice/infected wounds	Promotion of cutaneous wound healing by enhanced angiogenesis	[21]
7. PSORIASIS MODEL
Betulinic acid	Dillenia indica	Ultraviolet induced psoriasis-like wounds/male albino Wistar rats	Accelerated healing process	[2]
8. EDEMA MODEL
Asiatic acid	Pure compound	ICR mice/hind paw edema model	Anti-inflammatory activities, pain relief by inhibition of iNOS, COX-2, interleukin-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression	[46]
9. AORTIC CONTRACTION/RELAXATION MODEL
Betulinic acid	Pure compound	Male Sprague Dawley rats exposed to LPS/aortic contraction-realaxation in sepsis	Reduction in impairments of aortic contraction; antiinflamatory effect	[47]