Figure 4.

Molecular mechanisms underlying the fasting-induced increase of efficacy of chemotherapy according to nonclinical data. Abbreviations: AKT, Protein kinase B; CDK4/6 I, cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitor; Chk2, Checkpoint kinase 2; ET, endocrine treatment; h ENT1, equilibrative nucleoside transporter; HO1, Heme oxygenase 1; IGF-1R, insulin-like growth factor 1; Ins R, insulin receptor; JAK, Janus kinase; M2, macrophages type 2; OGG1, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; S6K, S6 kinase; STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3; and Treg, regulatory T cells. Arrow ↑: increase; arrow ↓: decrease.