Table 1.
Changes in health-related lifestyle habits in the groups of participants.
| Total (n = 4820) |
Group 1 (n = 898) |
Group 2 (n = 646) |
Group 3 (n = 945) |
Group 4 (n = 2331) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (%) | |||||
| Male | 33.8 | 31.7 | 29.6 | 33.1 | 36.1 |
| Female | 66.2 | 68.3 | 70.4 | 66.9 | 63.9 |
| Age ** (Ave years, SD) | 55.4 (12.2) |
52.2 (12.2) |
53.1 (11.3) |
53.9 (11.9) |
57.9 (12.0) |
| BMI (Ave kg/m2, SD) | 21.9 (3.3) |
21.7 (3.3) |
21.9 (3.4) |
21.8 (3.6) |
22.0 (3.2) |
| Eating habit ** (%) | |||||
| Significantly improved | 15.4 | 0 | 4.5 | 9.3 | 26.9 |
| Somewhat improved | 59.7 | 0 | 63.9 | 81.1 | 72.8 |
| No change | 24.6 | 98.9 | 31.3 | 9.6 | 0.3 |
| Somewhat worse | 0.2 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Significantly worse | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Exercise habit ** (%) | |||||
| Significantly improved | 12.5 | 0 | 0.9 | 5.7 | 23.3 |
| Somewhat improved | 51.3 | 0.1 | 16.1 | 61.8 | 76.4 |
| No change | 35.7 | 98.6 | 81.7 | 32.3 | 0.2 |
| Somewhat worsened | 0.3 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Significantly worsened | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Rest/sleep ** (%) | |||||
| Significantly improved | 9.7 | 0 | 0 | 2.1 | 19.2 |
| Somewhat improved | 48.3 | 0 | 16.4 | 36.7 | 80.5 |
| No change | 40.9 | 97.7 | 81.6 | 59.5 | 0.2 |
| Somewhat worsened | 0.9 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.5 | 0 |
| Significantly worsened | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| Lifestyle score ** ([95% CI]) | 35.5 [35.4–35.6] |
33.7 [33.4–34.0] |
33.9 [33.5–34.2] |
34.8 [34.6–35.1] |
36.9 [36.7–37.0] |
| Ikigai-9 score ** ([95% CI]) | 33.5 [33.3–33.7] |
31.4 [31.0–31.8] |
32.2 [31.7–32.6] |
32.8 [32.5–33.2] |
34.9 [34.7–35.2] |
Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 indicate groups of participants who improved in zero, one, two, and three areas of change in lifestyle after registration, respectively. Ave; average, CI; confidence interval, and SD; standard deviation. ** indicates p < 0.01.