Table 3.
Reliability and convergent validity of the questionnaire.
| Constructs and Scale Items | Factor Loading | Cronbach’s Alpha | Composite Reliability | AVE |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Telepresence | 0.851 | 0.849 | 0.585 | |
| TF1 I forget about my immediate surroundings when I am watching the pet videos/livestreams | 0.734 | |||
| TP2 Browsing the pet videos/livestreams often makes me forget where I am. | 0.845 | |||
| TP3 After browsing the pet videos/livestreams, I feel like I come back to the “real world” after a journey. | 0.756 | |||
| TP4 Watching pet videos/livestreams creates a new world for me, and this world suddenly disappears when I stop using it. | 0.717 | |||
| Social Presence | 0.885 | 0.870 | 0.625 | |
| SP1 There is a sense of human contact during watching pet videos/livestreams. | 0.779 | |||
| SP2 There is a sense of human warmth during watching pet videos/livestreams. | 0.791 | |||
| SP3 When watching pet videos/livestreams, the interaction with the other audience is close | 0.813 | |||
| SP4 When watching pet videos/livestreams, the interaction with the other audience is emotional | 0.779 | |||
| Flow Experience | 0.871 | 0.864 | 0.614 | |
| FE1 While watching pet videos/livestreams, my attention was focused on the activity | 0.818 | |||
| FE2 While watching pet videos/livestreams, I concentrated fully on the activity and forgot other things | 0.746 | |||
| FE3 While watching pet videos/livestreamss I feel time flies | 0.790 | |||
| FE4 While watching pet videos/livestreams I feel excited | 0.777 | |||
| Subjective Well-being | 0.925 | 0.930 | 0.728 | |
| SW1 After watching pet videos/livestreams I felt that I lead a meaningful and fulfilling life | 0.861 | |||
| SW2 Overall, watching pet videos/livestreams was memorable having enriched my quality of life. | 0.854 | |||
| SW3 I felt good about my life shortly after watching pet videos/livestreams | 0.853 | |||
| SW4 Overall, I felt happy upon my return from watching pet videos/livestreams. | 0.835 | |||
| SW5 My satisfaction with life in general was increased shortly after watching pet videos/livestreams. | 0.862 | |||
| Loneliness | 0.886 | 0.898 | 0.751 | |
| LO1 In general, I feel like I lack companionship. | 0.659 | |||
| LO2 In general, I feel like I am often left out of social situations. | 0.996 | |||
| LO3 In general, I feel isolated from others. | 0.910 |