Table 3.
Maternal reports of household food security and nutrient intakes from one 24-h dietary recall for mothers with and without HIV who attended follow-up
| Total, N = 31 | HIV-uninfected (n = 10) | HIV-infected (n = 21) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Household food security circumstances (n) | ||||
| Maternal reports of worrying about food runout | 0.28 | |||
| Never occurs | 14 | 3 | 11 | |
| Occurs often/sometimes | 17 | 7 | 10 | |
| Maternal reports of experiencing about food runout | 0.46 | |||
| Never occurs | 16 | 4 | 12 | |
| Occurs often/sometimes | 15 | 6 | 9 | |
| Maternal reports of being unable to afford balanced meals | 0.68 | |||
| Never occurs | 9 | 2 | 7 | |
| Occurs often/sometimes | 26 | 8 | 14 | |
| Maternal nutrient intakes | ||||
| Dietary diversity score (/9) | 4.00 (4.00, 6.00) | 4.00 (3.00, 5.25) | 4.00 (3.00, 6.00) | 0.40 |
| Dietary diversity score < 4 (n) | 7 | 3 | 4 | 0.65 |
| Median intake (%) of TULs by mothers | ||||
| Minerals | ||||
| Ca | 5.48 (3.40, 9.56) | 7.78 (4.09, 14.4) | 5.28 (3.40, 7.48) | 0.31 |
| Fe | 24.7 (16.7, 27.8) | 25.0 (15.5, 30.1) | 24.2 (16.4, 27.8) | 0.95 |
| Mg | 52.9 (34.6, 81.1) | 80.0 (33.0, 99.1) | 48.0 (38.4, 64.0) | 0.12 |
| P | 14.9 (10.8, 19.3) | 18.1 (10.4, 21.4) | 14.3 (10.5, 18.3) | 0.84 |
| Na | 69.9 (48.2, 154) | 92.4 (43.9, 171) | 69.9 (47.8, 146) | 0.82 |
| Zn | 20.9 (16.8, 29.3) | 17.4 (15.2, 23.8) | 23.7 (19.8, 29.9) | 0.19 |
| Cu | 7.70 (5.50, 11.0) | 11.4 (4.97, 13.4) | 7.40 (5.20, 9.55) | 0.23 |
| Se | 7.00 (4.15, 9.78) | 1.86 (1.09, 5.08) | 7.63 (6.21, 10.9) | < .001 |
| Mn | 12.7 (7.52, 17.6) | 15.7 (6.64, 21.9) | 10.2 (7.28, 16.2) | 0.46 |
| I | 8.36 (4.09, 16.0) | 8.27 (2.30, 16.1) | 8.36 (5.86, 17.2) | 0.46 |
| Vitamins | ||||
| Vitamin A | 14.1 (10.2, 23.8) | 14.1 (11.1, 24.2) | 14.3 (10.0, 23.5) | 0.88 |
| Niacin | 44.0 (30.6, 55.7) | 41.6 (29.1, 57.9) | 46.6 (28.5, 55.9) | 0.71 |
| Vitamin B6 | 2.88 (1.60, 3.80) | 2.61 (1.37, 5.19) | 3.13 (1.72, 3.72) | 0.60 |
| Folic acid | 25.9 (20.5, 31.9) | 23.9 (18.3, 38.3) | 27.8 (20.7, 31.2) | 0.63 |
| Vitamin C | 1.15 (0.40, 3.65) | 1.58 (0.11, 4.74) | 1.10 (0.53, 3.13) | 0.88 |
| Vitamin D | 4.29 (0.83, 7.86) | 0.86 (0.04, 2.08) | 6.45 (4.20, 8.46) | 0.002 |
| Vitamin E | 0.68 (0.44, 1.19) | 0.52 (0.33, 1.17) | 0.80 (0.47, 1.33) | 0.36 |
| Median intake (%) of EARs by mothers | ||||
| Macronutrients | ||||
| Protein | 66.6 (49.9, 90.4) | 68.7 (60.6, 87.7) | 65.5 (48.9, 99.5) | 0.81 |
| Carbohydrates | 98.7 (63.6, 113) | 81.8 (56.7, 81.8) | 99.8 (77.7, 118) | 0.41 |
| Vitamins | ||||
| Vitamin A | 47.0 (34.1 75.4) | 46.9 (36.8, 77.6) | 47.8 (33.4, 78.3) | 0.88 |
| Thiamin | 90.0 (56.7, 111) | 88.3 (53.5, 116) | 90.0 (57.5, 118) | 0.73 |
| Riboflavin | 55.4 (43.1, 74.6) | 38.9 (24.4, 96.9) | 58.5 (49.6, 74.2) | 0.16 |
| Niacin | 119 (72.3, 150) | 112 (69.4, 156) | 125 (75.4, 150) | 0.63 |
| Vitamin B6 | 170 (88.7, 223) | 139 (80.6, 306) | 184 (97.4, 219) | 0.54 |
| Folate | 54.2 (43.1, 70.9) | 47.1 (39.9, 85.1) | 61.8 (45.9, 69.2) | 0.42 |
| Vitamin B12 | 70.8 (62.5, 108) | 68.8 (9.38, 102) | 75.0 (66.7, 133) | 0.24 |
| Vitamin C | 23.0 (8.00, 73.0) | 31.5 (2.25, 92.7) | 22.0 (10.5, 62.5) | 0.92 |
| Vitamin D | 42.9 (8.30, 78.6) | 8.60 (0.38, 20.8) | 64.5 (42.0, 84.6) | 0.002 |
| Vitamin E | 42.5 (27.4, 74.3) | 32.7 (20.8, 73.1) | 49.4 (29.5, 82.8) | 0.36 |
| Minerals | ||||
| Ca | 17.1 (10.6, 29.9) | 24.3 (12.7, 44.5) | 16.5 (10.6, 23.4) | 0.33 |
| Fe | 171 (115, 192) | 168 (112, 192) | 173 (106, 208) | 0.88 |
| Mg | 71.3 (45.7, 111) | 110 (44.0, 136) | 63.4 (50.8, 87.1) | 0.16 |
| P | 103 (68.3, 133) | 125 (41.2, 147) | 98.8 (69.5, 126) | 0.94 |
| Zn | 78.9 (64.5, 113) | 66.8 (47.4, 91.6) | 91.0 (73.3, 115) | 0.17 |
| Cu | 77.0 (52.8, 110) | 112 (48.1, 127) | 74.0 (50.4, 95.5) | 0.31 |
| Se | 47.5 (28.1, 66.3) | 12.6 (7.41, 34.4) | 51.7 (42.1, 73.7) | < .001 |
| I | 44.0 (21.5, 80.9) | 43.5 (12.1, 80.4) | 44.0 (30.4, 90.4) | 0.39 |
Data from mother-infant dyads that attended follow-up are presented as median (IQR) and p values are from one-way analysis of variance (Kruskal-Wallis/Wilcoxon test to test equality of medians for non-parametric data; ANOVA to test equality of means for normal data with equal variance). Dietary diversity score was calculated using nine food groups, only counting each food group once. Percent intake of TULs and EARs were calculated using the Institute of Medicine’s TULs for minerals and vitamins for lactating women 14–18, 19–30 or 31–50 years of age [37]. Iodised salt was assumed to be consumed by all mothers, as the majority of salt consumed in South Africa is iodised [61]
TULs tolerable upper levels, EARs estimated average requirements