| ALP | alkaline phosphatase |
| BMC | bone mineral content |
| BMD | bone mineral density |
| BMP | bone morphogenic protein |
| BMSCs | bone marrow stem cells |
| BV | Bone volume |
| COLIA1 | Type I collagen alpha 1 |
| DPSCs | human dental pulp stem cells |
| FBS | fetal bovine serum |
| MSCs | mesenchymal stem cells |
| NM | normal medium |
| OM | osteogenic medium |
| PSA | penicillin/streptomycin/amphotericin B |
| PBS | phosphate-buffered saline |
| SEM | standard error of the mean |
| TH | 4-(4-methoxyphenyl) pyrido[40,30:4,5]thieno[2,3-b]pyridine-2-carboxamide |
| αMEM | alpha-modified Eagle’s medium |
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