Table 5.

Summary of chitosan/bioactive glass composites for hard and soft tissue applications.

Bioactive Glass	Technique	Composites’ Characteristics	Applications	Ref.
BG (46.08SiO2-22.96Na2O-27.18CaO-3.77P2O5 wt%)	Solvent casting	Water contact angle chitosan/bioactive glass microparticles (CS/μBG) control = 7.45 ± 6.5°, CS/μBG 7d in PBS = 86.4 ± 6.5°; chitosan/bioactive glass nanoparticles (CS/nBG) control = 65.0 ± 6.3°, CS/nBG 7d in PBS = 81.2 ± 14.6°; Young’s Modulus CS/μBG = 17 MPa, Young’s Modulus CS/nBG = 20 MPa. Excellent hydroxyapatite forming ability	Membranes for bone regeneration	[164]
55SiO2-40CaO-5P2O5 mol%	Dispensing the precursor solutions in wettable spots previously patterned onto superhydrophobic surfaces	Storage modulus = 0.03-5 MPa. Enhanced proliferation and spreading of pre-osteoblast cell line with a fibroblast-like phenotype (MC3T3-E1)	Hydrogels for bone tissue engineering	[165]
BG (55SiO2-40CaO-5P2O5 mol%)	Mixing solution	BG nanoparticles: 0% (control), 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% (wBG/wchitosan) Storage modulus: BG10 = 24.1 Pa, BG20 = 76.2 Pa, BG30 = 65.0 Pa, BG40 = 105.2 Pa, BG50 = 107.2 Pa. Loss modulus: BG10 = 17.0 Pa, BG20 = 19.8 Pa, BG30 = 16.7 Pa, BG40 = 18.2 Pa, BG50 = 17.7 Pa. Gelation point BG10 = 38.3 °C, BG20 = 29.3 °C, BG30 = 37.0 °C, BG40 = 36.9 °C; BG50 = 36.8 °C	Injectable systems for small bone defects	[166]
60SiO2-36CaO-4P2O5 mol%	Needle punching process	Porosity (%) = 77.52 ± 1.67; water absorption (%) = 58.89 ± 7.3; compression strength = 7.68 ± 0.38 MPa; elastic modulus = 0.46 ± 0.02 GPa; flexure strength = 6.0 ± 0.4 MPa, flexure modulus = 102.0 ± 10 MPa; tensile strength = 3.11 ± 0.24 MPa; tensile modulus = 196.0 ± 17.0 MPa; fracture toughness = 0.24 ± 0.02 MPa m1/2. Good biocompatibility	Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering	[167]
6Na2O-8K2O-8MgO-22CaO-54B2O3-2P2O5 mol%	Mixing chitosan solution and glass particles	Injectability = 84–97%; compressive strength = 8–32 MPa; density = 2–3 gcm−3; disintegration resistance = 90–95%. Enhanced proliferation and ALP activity; in vivo stimulation of new bone formation	Injectable systems for healing bone defects	[168]
BG-NPs (55SiO2-40CaO-5P2O5 mol%), where NPs means nanoparticles	Freeze-drying technique	Maximum swelling reached for 100 vol% of water = 358%; Young’s Modulus = 55 kPa; strain recovery under deformation strain 30% = 10–80 %; shape fixity ratio = 98.2 ± 0.7 and shape recovery ratio = 89.9 ± 2.7 under deformation strain = 30%. Enhanced apatite formation in vitro	Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering	[169]
55SiO2-40CaO-5P2O5 mol%	Solvent casting	Young’s Modulus = 2639 ± 212 MPa (dry), 4.7 ± 0.3 MPa (wet); ultimate tensile strength = 49.6 ± 9.2 MPa (dry), 3.3 ± 0.6 MPa (wet); elongation at break = 2.5 ± 0.6% (dry), 71.6 ± 11.6 % (wet); water uptake = 130 ± 9 %. Enhanced metabolic activity of human periodontal ligament cells (hPDL) and human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC)	Membranes for guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and guided bone regeneration (GBR).	[170]
64SiO2 -31CaO-5P2O5 mol%	Mixing solutions	In vitro hydroxyapatite formation and enhanced cell proliferation. In vivo high rate of new bone regeneration	Injectable system for bone substitute	[184]
Sr-BBG (6Na2O-8K2O-8MgO-9SrO, 22CaO-54B2O3-2P2O5 mol%); BBG (6Na2O-8K2O-8MgO-22CaO-54B2O3-2P2O5 mol%)	Manually mixing	Injectability: Sr-BBG = 98 ± 1%, BBG = 95 ± 1%. Compressive strength: Sr-BBG = 19 ± 1 MPa, BBG = 20 ± 1 MPa. Enhanced proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs) in vitro; good capacity to regenerate bone at the implant bone interface in vivo	Injectable system to treat irregularly shaped bone defects	[193]
55SiO2-40CaO-5P2O5 mol%; 64SiO2-26CaO-5P2O5-5MgO mol%	Solvent casting	High hydrophilicity, good osteoblastic response toward cellular differentiation and mineralization	Membranes for guided tissue regeneration: orthopedic field	[195]
45S5, BGMS10 (47.2SiO2-2.3Na2O-2.3K2O-25.6CaO-2.6P2O5-10MgO-10SrO mol%); BGMS_2Zn (47.2SiO2-2.3Na2O-2.3K2O-25.6CaO-2.6P2O5-8MgO-10SrO-2ZnO mol%)	Manually mixing	Enhanced bioactivity, cellular viability, and cells migration rate of chitosan/bioactive glass wound dressings	Wound dressings suitable for healing devices	[198]
BG_NPs (55SiO2-40CaO-5P2O5 mol%), where NPs means nanoparticles	Solvent casting	Nucleation and growth of apatite. Density of cells on the patterned substrate increased with increasing culture time	Membranes pattern with BG to promote guided tissue regeneration in the bone side	[199]
Bioactive glass ceramic nanoparticles (nBGCs)	Lyophilization technique	Interconnected pores 150–300 μm, controlled swelling behavior, good attachment and spread of cells	Scaffolds for tissue applications	[200]
60SiO2-36CaO-4P2O5 mol%	Foaming method	Young’s modulus = 750 ± 0.08 KPa; compressive strength = 120 ± 0.09 KPa; toughness = 1936 ± 0.07 KPa. Total porosity = 65.0 ± 3.6%; average pore size = 118.2 ± 8.2 mm; highly interconnected pore system = 99.8 ± 0.1%. Increased swelling at low pH; adequate cells viability	Scaffolds for tissue regeneration and stimulation of healing	[201]