Table 3.
Objective and behavioral characteristics of males vs. females.
| Men | Women | p-Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 186 | n = 655 | ||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | ||
| Body mass index (kg·m−2) | |||||
| Healthy (18.5 to <25) | 61 | (32.8) | 325 | (49.8) | ≤0.001 |
| Unhealthy (≥25) | 125 | (67.2) | 328 | (50.2) | |
| Heart rate (bpm) | |||||
| Healthy (60–80) | 96 | (51.9) | 175 | (26.8) | ≤0.001 |
| Unhealthy (<60 if symptomatic, or >80) | 89 | (48.1) | 478 | (73.2) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | |||||
| Healthy (≤120) | 39 | (21.1) | 405 | (62.1) | ≤0.001 |
| Unhealthy (>120) | 146 | (78.9) | 247 | (37.9) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | |||||
| Healthy (≤80) | 116 | (62.7) | 549 | (84.2) | ≤0.001 |
| Unhealthy (>80) | 69 | (37.3) | 103 | (15.8) | |
| Random blood glucose (mmol/L) | |||||
| Healthy (≤11.1) | 183 | (98.9) | 648 | (99.4) | 0.619 |
| Unhealthy (>11.1) | 2 | (1.1) | 4 | (0.6) | |
| Waist/height ratio | |||||
| Healthy (<0.5) | 96 | (51.9) | 460 | (70.6) | ≤0.001 |
| Unhealthy (≥0.5) | 89 | (48.1) | 192 | (29.4) | |
| Waist/hip ratio | |||||
| Healthy (men <0.9, women <0.85) | 143 | (77.3) | 617 | (94.6) | ≤0.001 |
| Unhealthy (men ≥0.9, women ≥0.85) | 42 | (22.7) | 35 | (5.4) | |
| Moderately physically active (at least 3.5 h/week) | |||||
| Yes | 111 | (59.7) | 304 | (46.6) | 0.002 |
| No | 75 | (40.3) | 348 | (53.4) | |
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never smoke | 131 | (72.0) | 628 | (97.5) | ≤0.001 |
| Past smoker | 13 | (7.1) | 3 | (0.5) | |
| Current smoker | 38 | (20.9) | 13 | (2.0) | |
| Self-reported life stress | |||||
| Low | 28 | (15.3) | 52 | (8.2) | 0.004 |
| Moderate/high | 155 | (84.7) | 584 | (91.8) | |
| Sleep quantity (hours/night) | |||||
| ≥8 | 36 | (21.3) | 167 | (28.8) | 0.052 |
| <8 | 133 | (78.7) | 412 | (71.2) | |
| Fresh fruit (standard servings/day) | |||||
| ≥5 | 16 | (10.1) | 35 | (6.2) | 0.087 |
| <5 | 142 | (89.9) | 531 | (93.8) | |
| Fresh vegetables (standard servings/day) | |||||
| ≥5 | 5 | (3.1) | 36 | (6.3) | 0.131 |
| <5 | 154 | (96.9) | 540 | (93.8) | |
| Beef or sheep (standard servings/week) | |||||
| <2 | 45 | (25.1) | 306 | (48.0) | ≤0.001 |
| ≥2 | 134 | (74.9) | 332 | (52.0) | |
| Meat products (standard servings/week) | |||||
| <2 | 83 | (47.2) | 350 | (55.2) | 0.058 |
| ≥2 | 93 | (52.8) | 284 | (44.8) | |
| Red meat (beef or sheep/ meat products) (servings/week) | |||||
| <2 | 31 | (17.3) | 208 | (32.8) | ≤0.001 |
| ≥2 | 148 | (82.7) | 426 | (67.2) | |
| Fish (standard servings/week) | |||||
| ≥2 | 58 | (32.4) | 148 | (23.3) | 0.014 |
| <2 | 121 | (67.6) | 486 | (76.7) | |
| Eggs (number/week) | |||||
| <4 | 129 | (71.3) | 543 | (85.0) | ≤0.001 |
| ≥4 | 52 | (28.7) | 96 | (15.0) | |
| Fast food (frequency/week) | |||||
| None | 23 | (12.4) | 72 | (11.3) | 0.657 |
| ≥1 | 162 | (87.6) | 568 | (88.8) | |
| Sweets (standard servings/week) | |||||
| ≤3 | 182 | (100.0) | 635 | (99.7) | 0.999 |
| >3 | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (0.3) | |
| Soft drinks (cans/week) | |||||
| None | 70 | (38.3) | 262 | (41.8) | 0.392 |
| ≥1 | 113 | (61.7) | 365 | (58.2) | |
| Breakfast daily | |||||
| Yes | 131 | (74.9) | 618 | (74.4) | 0.910 |
| No | 44 | (25.1) | 158 | (25.6) | |
Frequency counts shown at n (%); p-values were generated using Chi-square test except for random blood glucose (mmol/L) and sweets (standard servings/week) for which Fisher’s exact test was used due to the small numbers.