. 2020 Nov 27;13(23):5391. doi: 10.3390/ma13235391

Table 2.

Nanoparticles used for surface modification of Ti implants.

Type of NPs	Fabrication Method	Main Features/Purpose	Reference
TiO₂	direct oxidation	Nanofibers, nanoneedles/better hydrophilicity, biocompatibility and antimicrobial activity, compared to Ti6Al4V	[80]
	Pulsed laser deposition	Nanorods/Nontoxicity, ability to increase the density of osteoblast cells on the implant, enhanced osseointegration, anticandidal effect, bone formation ability	[81]
	Anodic oxidation	Nanotubes incorporating Ca, P and Ag/cells migration on the Ti-based implants due to super hydrophilic properties of crystalline TiO₂ nanotubes; apatite formation in simulated body fluid, enhanced MC3T3-E1 cell adhesion and proliferation, antibacterial effect against S. aureus.	[82,83]
	plasma electrolytic oxidation	Nanostructured Zn-incorporated TiO₂ coatings, grains 20–100 nm/inhibition of S. aureus and E. coli	[84]
Al₃O₃	micro-arc oxidation	Nanostructured surface for improved microhardness and wear resistance	[81,85]
	dipping	Nanostructured surface/promote MSC commitment to	[86]
	-	the osteoblast phenotype, increase in bone-implant contact area and torque removal	-
Nano Hydroxyapatite	discrete crystalline deposition	Complex surface morphology via the bonded HA nanoparticles/progressive osseointegration profiles	[78,87]
Nano-crystalline diamond	Plasma spray	Nanosized crystallites/proteins immobilization on nanocrystalline diamond/osteoinductive effect in irradiated bone	[78,88]
Ag NPs	silanization method	Spherical morphology, 100 nm diameter, antibacterial and anti-adhesive activities towards S. aureus and E. coli.	[24,83,89]
ZnO NPs	EHDA spraying.	rod-shaped structure ~100 nm/significant antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus/early bone formation	[90]
Au Nps	Magnetron sputtering	40–80 nm thin layer of pure gold/early mechanical fixation	[91]
Se Nps	Hydrothermal deposition	Spherical, rods, wire nanostructure, using different saccharides as reducing agent/favorable results on RBC osmotic fragility and fibroblasts adhesion to accelerate osseointegration, bone cancer treatment.	[92,93,94,95]