| NMs | Nanomaterials |
| Cu-NPs | Copper nanoparticles |
| TiO2-NPs | Titanium dioxide nanoparticles |
| Cu/TiO2-NC | Copper-titanium dioxide nanocomposite |
| MBC | Minimum bactericidal concentration |
| MTC | Microbial toxic concentration |
| MIC | Minimum inhibitory concentration |
| IC50 | Half maximal inhibitory concentration |
| CAT | Catalase |
| PER | Peroxidase |
| SOD | Superoxide dismutase |
| DEH | Dehydrogenases |
| FAME | Fatty acid methyl esters |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
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