Table 1.

Seminal plasma proteins overexpressed in patients with increased oxidative stress.

SP protein	Reference	Function
Aldose reductase	[37]	It converts glucose to sorbitol during the polyol pathway of glucose metabolism
α1-chymotrypsin	[37]	It has proteolytic activity against the chymotrypsin-specific substrate N-Succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide. It is released by granulocytes.
DJ-1	[41]	DJ-1 activation is catalyzed by ROS. When active, DJ-1 inhibits removal of NFκB signal
Haptoglobin	[34]	It is a late positive acute phase protein of inflammation
Mucin 5B	[22]	It increases the SP viscosity and correlates with inflammation, hypoxia, and OS
Peroxiredoxin 4	[34]	Belongs to a family of peroxide-degrading enzymes, involved in cellular OS control
Prolactin-induced protein	[26]	Extracellular matrix protein that can mediate tissue responses to inflammation
Protein S100A9	[34]	It plays an important role in cell differentiation and OS response
Tubulin folding cofactor β	[37]	It acts in the development of α/β-tubulin heterodimers, which are critical for the normal growth of mammalian cells. It acts in the development of hypoxic-ischemic injury

Abbreviations: NFκB, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer; OS, oxidative stress; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SP, seminal plasma; S100A9, S100 calcium binding protein A9.