Table 2.
Expression pattern and function of proteins involved in the response to ROS in diseases associated with increased oxidative stress.
| Reference | Disease | Proteins | Expression Pattern | Function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| [39] | Bilateral Varicocele | Aldose reductase | Overexpressed | Responsible for the induction of the sperm capacitation process |
| Annexin 1 | Overexpressed | Protein with anti-inflammatory properties | ||
| PRDX1 | Overexpressed | Involved in response to ROS and OS | ||
| PRDX2 | Overexpressed | Involved in response to ROS and OS | ||
| FN1 | Under-expressed | Involved in seminal gel formation and stimulates sperm capacitation | ||
| alpha-1 antitrypsin | Under-expressed | Acute-phase protein responsible for the inhibition of proteases involved in stimulating the inflammatory response | ||
| [40] | Varicocele | APO A2 | Under-expressed | Involved in pathways such as OS response, lipid peroxidation, and SDF |
| [44] | Varicocele | SEMG1 | Overexpressed | Involved in semen coagulation. Its increasing in varicocele may reflect a strategy to counteract ROS and lipid peroxidation |
| [31] | Varicocele pre-treatment | Clusterin | Overexpressed | Related to preservation of the damage caused by oxidative reactions |
| Varicocele post-treatment | DJ-1 | Overexpressed | Linked to ROS response | |
| SOD | Overexpressed | Linked to ROS response | ||
| S100A9 | Overexpressed | It plays an important role in cell differentiation and OS response | ||
| GAPDH | Exclusive expression in post-treated patients | Linked to ROS response, NAD-binding function, and gluconeogenesis | ||
| MDH | Exclusive expression in post-treated patients | Linked to ROS response, NAD-binding function, and gluconeogenesis | ||
| [38] | MAGI | Cystatin proteases | Overexpressed | Protease inhibitors involved in inflammatory response |
| alpha-1 antitrypsin | Overexpressed | Protease inhibitors involved in inflammatory response | ||
| SOD 3 | Under-expressed | Linked to ROS response | ||
| [29] | Cigarette smoke | S100A9 | Overexpressed | It binds pro-inflammatory receptors to initiate the inflammatory cascade |
| [35] | Cigarette smoke | SODE | Exclusive expression in moderate smokers | Antioxidant role removing superoxide radicals |
| [36] | Obesity | ADP ribosyl cyclase | Overexpressed | Antioxidant activity, cellular response to superoxide anion, and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide |
| Ceruloplasmin, | Overexpressed | Antioxidant activity, cellular response to superoxide anion, and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide | ||
| Glutathione peroxidase | Overexpressed | Antioxidant activity, cellular response to superoxide anion, and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide | ||
| Clusterin | Overexpressed | Antioxidant activity, cellular response to superoxide anion, and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide | ||
| Mitochondrial glutathione reductase | Overexpressed | Antioxidant activity, cellular response to superoxide anion, and detoxification of hydrogen peroxide | ||
| HP | Overexpressed | It is a late positive acute-phase protein of inflammation | ||
| S100A9 | Overexpressed | It plays an important role in cell differentiation and OS response |
Abbreviations: APOA2, Apolipoprotein A2; FN1, fibronectin; G3P, glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase; HP, haptoglobin; MAGI, male accessory gland infection/inflammation; MDH, malate dehydrogenase; OS, oxidative stress; PRDX, Peroxyredoxin; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SDF, sperm DNA fragmentation; SEMG1, semenogelin 1; SERPINA 1, α1-antitrypsin; SODE, extracellular superoxide dismutase.