Table 2.
Femur shaft fractures diagnosed among infants born in Sweden 1997 to 2014, birth-related (n = 45) or later (n = 287), by maternal, birth, and child characteristics, accidents, and other diagnoses
| Population (n = 908,324) | Femur shaft fracture | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth-related (n = 45) | Later Age (months) | ||||||
| < 6 (n = 102) | 6 to 12 (n = 185) | ||||||
| n (%) | n (%) | p value* | n (%) | p value* | n (%) | p value* | |
| Mother | |||||||
| Obesity | 302,613 (37) | 16a (46) | .299 | 38 (43) | .324 | 75 (45) | .036 |
| Preeclampsia | 28,706 (3.2) | 1 (2) | 1.0 | 7 (7) | .043 | 10 (5) | .089 |
| Birth | |||||||
| Dystocic labor | 107,225 (11.8) | 4 (9) | .816 | 10 (10) | .646 | 18 (10) | .423 |
| Shoulder dystocia | 2005 (0.2) | 2 (4) | .005 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Cesarean section | 161,554 (18) | 34 (74) | .000 | 30 (29) | .003 | 32 (17) | .915 |
| Vacuum | 62,099 (6.8) | 4 (9) | .775 | 7 (7) | 1.0 | 18 (10) | .267 |
| Forceps | 2473 (0.3) | 0 | 1 (1) | .243 | 0 | ||
| Child | |||||||
| Boy | 469,344 (52) | 27 (60) | .333 | 55 (54) | .723 | 86 (47) | .181 |
| Multiple birth | 26,639 (2.9) | 9 (20) | .000 | 11 (11) | .000 | 10 (5) | .074 |
| Breech | 33,998 (3.3) | 31 (76) | .000 | 10 (10) | .005 | 5 (3) | .564 |
| Preterm | 56,521 (6.2) | 11 (25) | .008 | 18 (18) | .000 | 12 (7) | .878 |
| SGAb (< 10th percentile) | 94,217 (10.4) | 15 (36) | .000 | 21 (21) | .003 | 29 (16) | .018 |
| SGAb (< 2.5th percentile) | 20,561 (2.3) | 4 (12) | .008 | 6 (7) | .020 | 5 (3) | .610 |
| LGAc (> 2.5th percentile) | 32,172 (3.7) | 1 (3) | 1.0 | 2 (2) | .776 | 6 (3) | 1.0 |
| Birth weight > 4000 g | 169,517 (19) | 5 (11) | .251 | 9 (9) | .013 | 33 (18) | .843 |
| Injury of brachial plexus | 1969 (0.1) | 1 (2) | .093 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Other diagnosis during infancy | |||||||
| Osteogenesis imperfecta | 70 (0.004)d | 2 (4) | .000 | 5 (5) | .000 | 8e (4) | .000 |
| Rickets or VDDf | 259 (0.01)d | 0 | 2 (2) | .000 | 1 (0.5) | .000 | |
| Maltreatment | 1347 (0.07)d | 0 | 21g (20) | .000 | 6 (3)h | .000 | |
* Fisher’s test
aMissing (n = 10), bSmall-for-gestational age, cLarge-for-gestational age, dPer 1,855,267, eEntry in the Register of Children and Young Persons Subjected to Child Welfare Measures (n = 1) in connection with the fracture and OI diagnosis 137 days after the fracture, fVitamin D deficiency, gMaltreatment diagnosis (n = 10), entry only in the Register of Children and Young Persons Subjected to Child Welfare Measures (n = 11); other diagnoses: subdural hemorrhage (n = 2), retinal hemorrhage (n = 1), rib fractures (n = 4), skull fractures (n = 2), hMaltreatment diagnosis (n = 4), entry only in the Register of Children and Young Persons Subjected to Child Welfare Measures (n = 2)