Table 2.

Roles of exosomes derived from hypoxic tumor cells in cancer

Cancer	Cell line	Hypoxic condition	Exosome cargo	Mechanism	Function
Colorectal	HT29 and HCT116	1% O2	Wnt4	Up-regulates β-catenin nuclear translocation in endothelial cells	Increase angiogenesis [137]
Glioblastoma multiforme	U87MG	1% O2	TF	induces TF/VIIa-mediated PAR-2 activation in endothelial cells	Increase angiogenesis [138]
Renal	Caki-1, KMRC-1, OSRC-2 and 786-O cells	1% O2	CA9	Increases its target MMP2	Increase angiogenesis [139]
Prostate	PCA LNCaP and PC3 cells	1% O2	Proteins	ND	Increase invasion and migration [67]
Nasopharyngeal	CNE1 and CNE2 TW03, C666 and CNE2 and the NP69	1% O2 1% O2	MMP13 HIF-1α miR-24-3p	ND Induces EMT ND	Increase invasion and migration [140] Modulate immune response [141]
Lung and leukemia	IGR-Heu lung carcinoma cell line / K562, NK92, and NKD cell lines	0.1% O2	TGF-β1 and miR-23a	TGF-β1 suppresses NKG2D, and miR-23a directly inhibits CD107a	Modulate immune response [142]
Bladder	5637 cells	1% O2	linc-UCA1	Induces EMT	Increase invasion and migration [143]
Hepatocellular	HepG2, Hep3B, PLC-PRF5 and Huh-7	21% O2	linc-RoR	ND	Increase invasion and migration [78]
Breast cancer	4T1	0.1% O2	miR-210	Suppresses the expression of Ephrin A3 and PTP1B	Increase angiogenesis [63]
ovarian	SKOV3	1% O2	miR-940	Induces M2-type macrophages exhibiting CD163 and CD206 markers	Modulate immune response [89]
lung	A549, H1299, and HCC827	1% O2	miR-494 miR-23a	Suppresses PTEN and activates Akt/eNOS pathway in endothelial cells Down-regulating PHD1, PHD2 and ZO-1	Increase angiogenesis [93] Increase angiogenesis [92]
Leukemia	K562	1% O2	miR-210	Inhibits the expression of Ephrin A3	Increase angiogenesis [101]
Oral squamous cell	SCC-9 and CAL-27	1% O2	miR-21	Induces EMT	Promote invasion and migration [144]
Multiple myeloma	RPMI8226, KMS-11, and U266	1% O2	miR-135b	Down-regulates FIH-1	Increase angiogenesis [134]