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. 2020 Dec 10;15:72. doi: 10.1186/s13024-020-00419-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 8 — Progressive astrogliosis in the cerebral cortex of IN-PS cDKO mice. a Left: GFAP immunostaining of comparable sagittal sections in the neocortex of IN-PS cDKO and littermate control brains at 3 and 9 months of age. Right: Stereological quantification shows significant age-dependent increases in the percentage of GFAP-immunoreactive areas in the neocortex of IN-PS cDKO mice relative to control mice (F_{1, 24} = 0.08, p = 0.79; 3 M: Control 1.31 ± 0.27%, cDKO 4.53 ± 1.67%, p = 0.17; 9 M: Control 2.07 ± 0.22%, cDKO 5.93 ± 1.39%, p = 0.0399, two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc comparisons). b Left: GFAP immunostaining of comparable sagittal sections in the hippocampus of IN-PS cDKO and littermate control brains at 3 and 9 months of age. Right: Stereological quantification shows significant age-dependent increases in the percentage of GFAP-immunoreactive areas in the hippocampus of IN-PS cDKO mice relative to control mice (F_{1, 24} = 0.17, p = 0.68; 3 M: Control 3.71 ± 0.53%, cDKO 14.69 ± 5.90%, p = 0.15; 9 M: Control 6.57 ± 0.69%, cDKO 20.81 ± 4.46%, p = 0.0214, two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc comparisons). c Left: Increased GFAP levels in the neocortex of IN-PS cDKO mice. Western blotting of total protein lysates from the neocortex of IN-PS cDKO mice and littermate controls at 3 and 9 months of age. β-actin was used internal loading control. Right: Quantitative analysis shows significant age-dependent increases of GFAP levels in the neocortex (F_{1, 28} = 0.41, p = 0.52; 3 M: p = 0.36, 9 M: p = 0.0341, two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc comparisons) of IN-PS cDKO relative to controls. The value of GFAP in littermate controls is set as 100%. d Left: Increased GFAP levels in the hippocampus of IN-PS cDKO mice. Western blotting of total protein lysates from the dissected hippocampus of IN-PS cDKO mice and littermate controls at 3 and 9 months of age. β-actin was used as internal loading control. Right: Quantitative analysis shows significant age-dependent increases of GFAP levels in the hippocampus (F_{1, 28} = 1.30, p = 0.26; 3 M: p = 0.53, 9 M: p = 0.0108, two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s post hoc comparisons) of IN-PS cDKO relative to controls. The value of GFAP in littermate controls is set as 100%. Scale bar: 100 μm. All data represent mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05. The value in the column indicates the number of mice used in each experiment