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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Dec 11.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Addict Rep. 2019 Oct 24;6(4):466–477. doi: 10.1007/s40429-019-00288-6

Fig.1. Bioecological systems contributing to CUD manifestation.

Fig.1

Proposed bioecological framework for determining CUD development where ‘I’ refers to individual factors such as personality, mood, genetics, psychiatric disorders, and use factors; ‘m’ refers to microsystem factors such as family and peer relationships; ‘M’ refers to macrosystem factors such as drug policy, society, and culture. The shaded area highlights the overlap between I, m and M that is critical in understanding development and treatment of CUD.