Table 2.

Sleep disturbance and insomnia as prospective predictors of suicidal ideation and behaviors.

			Effect Size Analyses			Heterogeneity Analyses		Publication Bias Analyses
	k	N	d	95% CI	p	I2	p	Egger’s regression test p	Trim-and-fill
									d	95% CI
Overall Sleep Disturbance
Suicidal Ideation	26	30,862	.41	.30 – .51	<.001	84.75%	<.001	<.001	.35	.25 – .45
Suicide Attempts	13	33,288	.39	.16 – .63	<.001	94.64%	<.001	.04	.39	.16 – .63
Suicide Deaths	14	664,141	.50	.14 – .85	<.01	97.44%	<.001	.07	.58	.31 – .86
Insomnia
Suicidal Ideation	22	25,784	.45	.32 – .58	<.001	86.96%	<.001	<.01	.37	.25 – .49
Suicide Attempts	13	33,286	.38	.15 – .61	<.01	94.61%	<.001	<.05	.44	.15 – .73
Suicide Deaths	8	539,301	.30	.20 – .41	<.001	32.83%	.17	.28	.30	.20 – .41
Hypersomnia
Suicidal Ideation	3	4,917	.09	−.07 – .25	.28	56.83%	.10	—	—	—
Suicide Attempts	2	2,373	.31	−.56 – 1.17	.49	87.17%	<.01	—	—	—
Suicide Deaths	1	247	.84	.25 – 1.42	<.01	—	—	—	—	—
Nightmares
Suicidal Ideation	3	3,526	.40	.06 – .74	.02	81.00%	<.01	—	—	—
Suicide Attempts	3	4,168	.64	.43 – .84	<.001	0%	.96	—	—	—
Suicide Deaths	1	22,732	.50	.18 – .83	<.01	—	—	—	—	—

Note: k = number of unique effects; CI = confidence interval

Effect size estimates where k < 3 should be considered unstable and interpreted with a degree of caution.