Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate moderator analyses for overall sleep disturbance predicting suicide-related outcomes.
| Univariate Moderator Analyses |
Multivariate Meta-Regression Analyses |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| k | b | SE | d | 95% CI | p | b | SE | p | R2 | |
| Suicidal Ideation | .45g .67h |
|||||||||
| Age (Categorical) | 26 | .83 | ||||||||
| Age (Continuous) | 19 | <.01 | <.01 | .68 | ||||||
| Percentage Female | 22 | <.01 | <.01 | .49 | ||||||
| Sample Type | 25 | .08 | ||||||||
| Sleep Measure Type | 25 | <.01 | ||||||||
| Interviewa | 3 | .10 | −.11 – .32 | .36 | ||||||
| Questionnaire | 22 | .43 | .33 – .52 | <.001 | .20g .26h |
.14g .11h |
.15g .02h |
|||
| Sleep Measure Time Frame | 26 | .64 | ||||||||
| Suicide Measure Type | 24 | .35 | ||||||||
| Suicide Measure Time Frame | 26 | .13 | ||||||||
| Follow-Up Time Frame | 26 | <.01 | ||||||||
| < 1 Year | 13 | .54 | .39 – .68 | <.001 | .20g | .09g | .03g | |||
| ≥ 1 Yeara | 13 | .27 | .15 – .39 | <.001 | ||||||
| ≤ 1 Month | 6 | .61 | .49 – .73 | <.001 | .26h | .09h | <.01h | |||
| > 1 Montha | 20 | .34 | .23 – .44 | <.001 | ||||||
| Suicide Attempts | ||||||||||
| Age (Categorical) | 13 | .44 | ||||||||
| Age (Continuous) | 12 | .01 | .01 | .34 | ||||||
| Percentage Female | 12 | <.01 | <.01 | .36 | ||||||
| Sample Type | 12 | .81 | ||||||||
| Sleep Measure Type | 13 | .98 | ||||||||
| Sleep Measure Time Frame | 13 | .70 | ||||||||
| Suicide Measure Type | 8 | .02 | ||||||||
| Interview | 3 | .12 | −.08 – .32 | .25 | ||||||
| Questionnaire | 5 | .53 | .27 – .79 | <.001 | ||||||
| Suicide Measure Time Frame | 13 | .66 | ||||||||
| Follow-Up Time Frame | 13 | .66 | ||||||||
| Suicide Deaths | ||||||||||
| Age (Categorical)b | — | — | ||||||||
| Age (Continuous) | 7 | <.01 | <.01 | .86 | ||||||
| Percentage Female | 11 | <.01 | <.01 | .88 | ||||||
| Sample Type | .09 | |||||||||
| Sleep Measure Type | 13 | .01 | ||||||||
| Interview | 2 | .18 | .05 – .30 | <.01 | ||||||
| Questionnaire | 11 | .36 | .28 – .44 | <.001 | ||||||
| Sleep Measure Time Framec | — | — | ||||||||
| Suicide Measure Typed | — | — | ||||||||
| Suicide Measure Time Framee | — | — | ||||||||
| Follow-Up Time Framef | — | — | ||||||||
Note: k = number of unique effects; CI = confidence interval
In analyses of sample type, at-risk and clinical samples were combined and compared to community samples.
The category with the smallest effect size in univariate moderator analysis served as the reference group in the corresponding meta-regression analysis.
Moderator analysis was not conducted, as all but one study featured adult samples.
Moderator analysis was not conducted, as all studies had time frames of under one month or provided no information on the time frame used.
Moderator analysis was not conducted, as all data were drawn from death records.
Moderator analysis was not conducted, as all studies featured time frames of at least one year, with the exception of one study featuring a variable time frame.
Moderator analysis was not conducted, as only one study featured a follow-up of under one year.
Values reflect meta-regression analysis with follow-up time frames of under one year versus a year or over included as a moderator.
Values reflect meta-regression analysis with follow-up time frames of a month or briefer versus over a month included as a moderator.