Table 2.

Natural antimicrobials from microbial sources with antibacterial activity against Cronobacter spp.

Antibacterial activity in vitro	Demonstrated or suggested mode of action	Antibacterial activity in PIF	References
Cell-free extract of Lactobacillus acidophilus grown in caseinate, containing antimicrobial peptides caseicin A & B	Not determined	Bactericidal effect in reconstituted PIF incubated at 37 and 6°C	(87)
Heat-labile bacteriocins in cell-free extracts of Lactobacillus casei and L. acidophilus	Not determined	Bacteriostatic effect in reconstituted PIF incubated at 37°C	(88)
Cell-free extract of Lactobacillus acidophilus	Not determined. Suggested effect of organic acids released by Lactobacillus acidophilus during growth	Bactericidal effect in reconstituted PIF incubated at 37°C	(89)
Cell-free extracts of Lactobacillus kefiri	Disruption of bacterial cell membrane	Not determined	(90)
Cell-free extracts of Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. bulgaricus L. casei rhamnosus, L. paracasei L. salivarius	Disruption of bacterial cell membrane	Not determined	(91)
Nisin +citric acid	Not determined	Bactericidal effect in reconstituted PIF incubated at room temperature when mixed with citric acid	(92)