Table 3.

Natural antimicrobials from animal sources with antibacterial activity against Cronobacter spp.

Antibacterial activity in vitro	Demonstrated or suggested mode of action	Antibacterial activity in PIF	References
Lactoperoxidase	Not determined; Suggested result of oxidation of sulfhydryl groups on enzymes and proteins in cytoplasmic membranes.	Bactericidal effect in reconstituted PIF incubated at 21, 30, 37°C	(101)
Bovine lactoferrin	Not determined	Limited bacteriostatic effect when high concentrations were added to reconstituted PIF stored at 21°C; no effect at 10°C	(99)
Iron-saturated bovine lactoferrin	Not determined. Suggested destabilization of bacterial membrane	Not determined; Limited bacteriostatic activity in whey	(102)
Cationic peptides from enzymatic hydrolysis of lactoferrin	Not determined	Limited bacteriostatic effects in combination with native lactoferrin	(103)
Bicarinalin (cationic peptide from ants)	Disruption of bacterial cell membrane	Not determined	(104)
Camel milk	Not determined	Not determined	(105)