Table 2.

Recommendations on non-musculoskeletal outcomes.

	IOM	SACN	EFSA
Non-musculoskeletal outcomes	Outcomes related to cancer/neoplasms, cardiovascular disease and hypertension, diabetes and metabolic syndrome, falls and physical performance, immune functioning and autoimmune disorders, infections, neuropsychological functioning, and pre-eclampsia could not be linked reliably with calcium or vitamin D intake and were often conflicting.	Non-musculoskeletal health outcomes considered were: reproductive health (on maternal & newborn outcomes), cancer, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, all-cause mortality, immune modulation, infectious diseases, neuropsychological functioning, oral health and age-related macular degeneration. Results from vitamin D supplementation are inconsistent. Data insufficient to set nutritional requirements.	The available evidence on non-musculoskeletal health outcomes is insufficient to be used as criterion for setting nutritional requirements for vitamin D.

IOM, Institute of Medicine; SACN, Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition; EFSA, European Food Safety Authority.