Table 1. Anti-nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells exposed to extracts, their derived fractions and isolated compounds from D. bulbifera.
| No | Sample | % Inhibition at various concentrations (μM) | IC50 (μM) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 10 | 30 | 100 | |||
| 1c | EtOH extract | 0.0 ± 1.8 | 15.7 ± 0.7 | 26.2 ± 4.3* | 52.5 ± 0.4* | 94.1 ± 0.8* |
| 2c | Water extract | 0.0 ± 1.8 | 1.4 ± 1.8* | 7.1 ± 0.6* | 22.2 ± 0.5* | > 100 |
| 3c | CHCl3 fraction | 0.0 ± 1.8 | 3.6 ± 1.1 | 6.4 ± 0.8* | 26.6 ± 1.7* | > 100 |
| 4c | EtOAc fraction | 0.0 ± 1.8 | 10.4 ± 2.4 | 14.4 ± 1.2* | 37.5 ± 0.9* | > 100 |
| 5c | Water fraction | 0.0 ± 1.8 | -0.9 ± 0.5* | -0.6 ± 0.6* | 7.0 ± 1.3* | > 100 |
| 6 | 8-Epidiosbulbin E acetate (1) | 0.0 ± 1.9 | -6.3 ± 1.2* | 3.4 ± 1.0* | 26.3 ± 1.9* | > 100 |
| 7 | 15,16-Epoxy-6α-O-acetyl-8β-hydroxy-19-nor-clero-13(16),14-diene-17,12;18,2-diolide (2) | 0.0 ± 1.9 | -3.0 ± 1.6* | -0.1 ± 2.6* | 20.4 ± 1.6* | > 100 |
| 8 | Sitosterol-β-D-glucoside (3) | 0.0 ± 1.9 | -0.8 ± 4.0*b | 3.1 ± 2.8*b | 17.6 ± 4.5*b | > 100 |
| 9 | 3,5-Dimethoxyquercetin (4) | 0.0 ± 1.9 | 5.5 ± 1.5 * | 17.6 ± 5.1* | 31.6 ± 0.9* | > 100 |
| 10 | (+)-Catechin (5) | 0.0 ± 1.9 | 0.2 ± 0.9* | 4.3 ± 1.7* | 19.5 ± 2.8* | > 100 |
| 11 | Quercetin (6) | 0.0 ± 1.9 | 6.5 ± 1.5 * | 28.8 ± 0.8 | 67.5 ± 1.5* | 56.2 ± 0.8* |
| 12 | Kaempferol (7) | 0.0 ± 1.9 | 6.3 ± 1.6 * | 25.7 ± 1.5* | 79.3 ± 2.4 | 46.6 ± 1.5 |
| 13 | Allantoin (8) | 0.0 ± 1.8 | 5.6 ± 4.0 * | 9.1 ± 0.7* | 33.2 ± 2.0* | > 100 |
| 14 | 2,4,3',5'-Tetrahydroxybibenzyl (9) | 0.0 ± 1.8 | 4.6 ± 1.5 * | 19.5 ± 1.1* | 51.0 ± 0.7* | 96.3 ± 1.1* |
| 15 | 2,4,6,7-Tetrahydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (10) | 0.0 ± 1.8 | 6.5 ± 1.4 * | 15.4 ± 0.5* | 42.5 ± 3.0* | > 100 |
| 16 | Myricetin (11) | 0.0 ± 1.8 | 12.1 ± 1.0 | 35.2 ± 1.4 | 82.3 ± 1.1* | 39.0 ± 1.4 |
| 17 | Aspirin | 0.0 ± 2.0 | 7.0 ± 3.8* | 29.4 ± 1.9 | 81.8 ± 0.6* | 43.2 ± 1.5 |
| 18 | Ibuprofen | 0.0 ± 2.0 | 6.1 ± 2.0* | 27.7 ± 2.5 | 75.2 ± 1.7 | 54.5 ± 2.0* |
| 19 | Indomethacin | 0.0 ± 2.0 | 12.3 ± 1.5 | 31.3 ± 1.5 | 74.0 ± 1.0 | 46.5 ± 1.2 |
| 20 | CAPE | 0.0 ± 2.0 | 54.4 ± 0.8* | 88.6 ± 1.1* | 95.5 ± 0.7* | 9.3 ± 0.4* |
| 21 | L-NA | 0.0 ± 2.0 | 12.0 ± 1.8 | 29.0 ± 2.1 | 89.4 ± 0.8* | 37.7 ± 1.8* |
*Statistically significant difference compared to indomethacin, p < 0.05 (mean ± S.E.M. of three determinations).
bCytotoxic effect was observed.
cConcentration of treated samples and IC50 unit expressed in μg/ml.