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Analysis of cytotoxic effects of TiO2 and Ta NPs on macrophages. (a, b) Cell viability was determined by CCK-8 assay at indicated time points. (c, d) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage was evaluated by LDH assay after 24h. Viability and LDH release are normalized and expressed as mean + SD as percentage of untreated cells of three independent experiments (∗p < 0.05, ∗∗p < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p < 0.001). n.d.: not detectable. Nc: nontreated control.
