FIGURE 7.

Immunosuppressive and insecticidal activities of NRPS-PKS-derived secondary metabolites identified from X. hominickii culture broth. Acronyms of test compounds are described in Table 2. (A) Assessment of immunosuppressive activities using nodulation assay. Test compounds (1 μg/larva) were injected to L5 larvae of S. exigua along with E. coli (10⁴ cfu/larva) using microsyringes. (B) Their inhibitory activities against hemocyte sPLA₂ and cPLA₂ of L5 larvae. Each treatment was replicated three times with independent samplings. Control (‘CON’) used DMSO solvent that was used for diluting test compounds. Each treatment was assessed using five larvae. Different letters above standard error bars indicate significant differences among means at Type I error = 0.05 (LSD test). (C) Their insecticidal activities against L3 larvae of S. exigua and P. xylostella using a leaf dipping method. Each treatment was replicated three times. Each replication used 10 larvae.