Table 2.

Odds ratios of patient and institutional characteristics associated with potentially missed diagnosis of pediatric sepsis (n=1922, patient-level adjusted analysis)^a

Variablesb	Categories/Value	Odds Ratio	Odds Ratio 95% CI		p value
			LCL	UCL
Patient Characteristics
Sex	Female	1.11	0.79	1.56	0.53
	Male (ref)
Age, years		1.00	0.98	1.03	0.84
Race/ethnicity	Black	1.46	0.87	2.44	0.15
	Hispanic	1.19	0.75	1.88	0.46
	Asian/Pacific Islander	1.73	0.85	3.53	0.13
	Native American	2.33	0.25	22.02	0.46
	Other	1.29	0.61	2.74	0.50
	White (ref)
Payer (%)	Medicaid	0.80	0.54	1.18	0.26
	Uninsured	0.37	0.08	1.61	0.19
	Other	0.46	0.19	1.12	0.09
	Private insurance (ref)
Number of comorbid chronic conditions		0.86	0.80	0.92	<0.001
Weekend admission	Weekend Sat-Sun	1.37	0.96	1.96	0.09
	Weekday Mon-Fri (ref)
Hospital Characteristics
State	California	2.26	1.34	3.82	0.002
	Florida	3.33	1.95	5.70	<0.001
	Massachusetts	2.87	1.35	6.09	0.006
	New York (ref)
Type of hospital ownership	Private, non-profit	1.39	0.81	2.38	0.23
	Private, for-profit	0.81	0.24	2.79	0.74
	Public (ref)
Children’s hospital	Yes	1.22	0.73	2.05	0.45
	No (ref)
Teaching hospital	Yes	0.81	0.41	1.58	0.53
	No (ref)
Has fully implemented electronic records	Yes	0.91	0.62	1.35	0.64
	No (ref)
Has a pediatric ED	Yes	1.20	0.72	2.00	0.49
	No (ref)
Has a pediatric intensive care unit	Yes	0.85	0.42	1.76	0.67
	No (ref)
Total number of ED visits in a year		1.00	1.00	1.00	0.62

CI - confidence interval, ED - emergency department, LCL - lower confidence limit, UCL - upper confidence limit, ref - reference category for categorical variables

^aGeneralized linear mixed models with random effects at the hospital level were constructed.

^bMultiple imputation was used to address missing data (final n=1922). Twenty-three records were missing all hospital-level variables and were dropped from this analysis.