Table 2. Ongoing clinical trials for combination immunotherapy in HCC.
| Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agent | Combining agent | Mechanism of action | Control arm | Study phase/size | Study identifier/name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nivolumab | Ipilimumab | Anti-CTLA4 | Versus nivolumab Versus sorafenib |
Phase I/II/ 1,097 |
NCT01658878 |
| Durvalumab | Tremelimumab | Anti-CTLA4 | Versus durvalumab Versus sorafenib |
Phase III/ 1,310 |
NCT03298451 HIMALAYA |
| Durvalumab | Tremelimumab/ Bevacizumab |
Anti-CTLA4/ Anti-VEGF ab |
Versus durvalumab or tremelimumab monotherapy | Phase II/ 433 |
NCT02519348 |
| Durvalumab | Tremelimumab/ Bevacizumab |
Anti-CTLA4/ Anti-VEGF ab |
Versus tremelimumab or Versus bevacizumab versus placebo |
Phase III/ 888 |
NCT03847428 EMERALD-2 |
| Nivolumab | Pexa-Vec | GM-CSF-armed oncolytic virus | Phase I/II/ 30 |
NCT03071094 | |
| Pembrolizumab | GNOS-PV02 and INO-9012 | Personalized neoantigen DNA vaccine | Phase I/II 12 |
NCT04251117 | |
| Durvalumab | Bevacizumab | Anti-VEGF ab | Versus durvalumab monotherapy | Phase III/ 888 |
NCT03847428 |
| Atezolizumab | Bevacizumab | Anti-VEGF ab | Versus sorafenib | Phase III/ 480 |
NCT03434379 |
| Durvalumab | Ramucirumab | Anti-VEGFR2 ab | Phase I/ 114 |
NCT02572687 | |
| Pembrolizumab | Lenvatinib | TKI | Phase I/ 104 |
NCT03006926 | |
| Pembrolizumab | Nintedanib | TKI | Phase I/ 18 |
NCT02856425 | |
| SHR-1210 | Apatinib | TKI | Versus sorafenib | Phase III/ 510 |
NCT03764293 |
| PDR001 | Sorafenib | TKI | Phase II/ 20 |
NCT02988440 | |
| Nivolumab | Galunisertib | TGF-β inhibitor | Phase I/II/ 75 |
NCT02423343 | |
| PDR001 | INC280 | C-met inhibitor | Phase I/II/ 90 |
NCT02795429 | |
| Pembrolizumab | XL888 | Hsp90 inhibitor | Phase I/ 50 |
NCT03095781 |
Abbreviation: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.