Table 1.

Criteria for considering studies for the review based on the population, intervention, comparator, outcomes, and study designs (PICOS) structure.

	Population	Intervention	Comparator	Outcomes	Study designs
Inclusion criteria	Patients with BMI more than 17.5 kg/m2	ADF (4:3):25–30% of daily recommend energy intake or refrain from calorie completely on fast days	Controls:Maintain their present lifestyle.	Weight, BMI, TC, LDL, TG, HDL, FBS, fat mass, lean mass, SBP, DBP, total calorie intake and HOMA-IR.	RCT
Exclusion criteria	People with history of cardiovascular disease or type 1 or 2 diabetes, use of medications that could affect study outcomes, unstable weight for 3 months prior to the beginning of the study (>4-kg weight loss or gain), perimenopause or otherwise irregular menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and currently smoking, etc.	Other therapy.	Other therapy.	Qualitative outcomes such as patient feelings; Inadequate indicators;	Observational study, letters, comments, reviews, and animal experiment.

ADF, alternate day fasting; RCT, randomized controlled trial; BMI, body mass index; TC, total cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; FBS, fasting blood sugar; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance.