Table 3.
Study and patient characteristics.
| Study | Country | Experimental group | Control group | Sample size | Time of therapy (weeks) | Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental | Control | |||||||
| Varady et al. (19) | Chicago | ADF (4:3) | Permitted to eat ad libitum every | 15 | 15 | 12 | BMI between 20 and 29.9 kg/m2; age between 35 and 65 years; weight stable for 3 months prior to the beginning of the study; non-diabetic; and not taking weight loss, lipid or glucose-lowering medications. | NA |
| Barnosky et al. (34) | American | ADF (4:3) | Maintain present lifestyle | 21 | 17 | 24 | Men and wome aged 18–65 years with a BMI of 25–39.9 kg/m2. | People with history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, were taking weight loss medications, were not weight stable for 3 months prior to study initiation. |
| Trepanowski et al. (9) | American | ADF (4:3) | Maintain present lifestyle | 34 | 31 | 48 | Men and women between 18 and 65 years of age, with a body mass index between 25.0 and 39.9. | People with history of cardiovascular disease or type 1 or 2 diabetes, use of medications that could affect study outcomes, unstable weight for 3 months prior to the beginning of the study. |
| Minsuk et al. (36) | Korea | ADF (4:3) | Permitted to eat ad libitum every day | 13 | 10 | 8 | Aged 18–64 years; BMI over 23.0 kg/m2; no weight variation > 5 kg during the previous 3 months; not diagnosed with type 1 or2 diabetes mellitus; AST or ALT levels <200 mg/dl. | NA |
| Cho et al. (35) | Canada | ADF (4:3) | Maintain present lifestyle | 8 | 5 | 8 | Age 20-65 years; BMI more than 23.0 kg/ m2; stable weight for 3 months prior to the study; no secondary obesity; non-diabetic; AST or ALT levels <200 mg/dL; serum creatinine level <2.0 mg/dL and so on. | NA |
| Johari et al. (33) | Malaysia | ADF (4:3) | Maintain present lifestyle | 33 | 10 | 8 | ALT > 41 and or AST > 34 IU/L, age that ranged from 18 to 70 years old, BMI between 17.5 and 40 Kg/m2 and no evidence of other forms of liver diseases. | People with significant alcohol consumption, pregnancy, and involvement in an active weight loss program or taking weight loss medications. |
| Stekovic et al. (37) | France | ADF | Maintain present lifestyle | 28 | 29 | 4 | Age between 35 and 65 years; BMI between 22.0 and 30.0 kg/m2, both inclusive; Stable weight for 3 months prior to the study; Stable weight for 3 months immediately prior to the study. | History of metabolic disorder, history of cardiovascular disease, acute or chronic inflammatory disorder, known malignancy. |