Table 1.

Different sets of clock components in insects.

Insect model	PER	CRY1	CRY2	TIM1	TIM2	CLK	CYC	PDP1	VRI	CWO	JET	PDF	References
Drosophila melanogaster	√	√	x	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	Brown et al., 2012; Tomioka and Matsumoto, 2015
Anopheles gambiae	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	?	√	Janssen et al., 2008; Ingram et al., 2012; Tomioka and Matsumoto, 2015
Danaus plexippus	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	?	√	Zhu et al., 2005, 2008; Reppert et al., 2016; Lam and Chiu, 2019
Gryllus bimaculatus	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	?	?	√	Singaravel et al., 2003; Moriyama et al., 2008, 2012; Danbara et al., 2010; Hassaneen et al., 2011; Uryu et al., 2013; Tokuoka et al., 2017; Nose et al., 2018; Narasaki-Funo et al., 2020
Acyrthosiphon pisum	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	x	x*	Cortés et al., 2010; Barberà et al., 2017; Lam and Chiu, 2019
Rhyparobia maderae	√	x	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	?	?	√	Petri and Stengl, 1997; Werckenthin et al., 2012, 2020
Tribolium castaneum	√	x	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	?	√	Yuan et al., 2007; Ingram et al., 2012; Li C-J et al., 2018; Veenstra, 2019
Apis mellifera	√	x	√	x	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	Bloch et al., 2003; Rubin et al., 2006; Sumiyoshi et al., 2011; Beer et al., 2018

Insect models of different orders and their clock genes. PER (PERIOD), CRY (CRYPTOCHROME) 1 and 2, TIM1 (TIMELESS) and TIM2 (TIMEOUT), CLK (CLOCK), CYC (CYCLE), PDP1 (PAR Domain Protein 1), VRI (VRILLE), CWO (CLOCKWORK ORANGE), JET (JETLAG), and the neuropeptide PDF (Pigment Dispersing Factor). Genes encoding these clock components are marked as present (√), absent (x) in genome or unknown (?).

^*PDF is found in other Hemiptera (Sato et al., 2002; Závodská et al., 2003).