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. 2020 Nov 27;8(11):e19416. doi: 10.2196/19416

Table 5.

Clinical validation of the human-algorithm integration (HAI) system in emergency departments.

Algorithm-only vs. HIA diagnosis Fracture Sensitivity, % (95% CI) Specificity, % (95% CI) Accuracy, % (95% CI)

(+) (–)


Algorithm-only diagnosis 91.01 (86.92%-94.16%) 94.06 (90.88%-96.39%) 92.67 (90.26%-94.65%)

(+) 243 19



(–) 24 301


HAI diagnosis 99.25 (97.32%-99.91%) 95.31 (92.39%-97.35%) 97.10 (95.40%-98.30%)

(+) 265 15



(–) 2 305