Table 2.
Within mixed-sex twin fixed-effects models of the association between child sex and infant and child mortality (1–59 months) in India (panel A) and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) (panel B)
| Mortality 1–59 Months, Pooled | Mortality 1–59 Months, Born Before 1995 | Mortality 1–59 Months, Born in 1995–2005 | Mortality 1–59 Months, Born After 2005 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
| A. India | ||||
| Female | 0.020** | 0.053*** | 0.006 | 0.007 |
| (0.006) | (0.015) | (0.010) | (0.009) | |
| Firstborn twin | –0.039*** | –0.023 | –0.047*** | –0.042*** |
| (0.006) | (0.015) | (0.010) | (0.009) | |
| Constant | 0.097*** | 0.131*** | 0.093*** | 0.069*** |
| (0.006) | (0.013) | (0.009) | (0.008) | |
| Number of observations | 6,200 | 1,868 | 2,278 | 2,054 |
| R2 | .017 | .019 | .021 | .023 |
| Number of families | 3,100 | 934 | 1,139 | 1,027 |
| Baseline male mortality | 0.075 | 0.118 | 0.068 | 0.046 |
| B. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) | ||||
| Female | –0.016*** | –0.024** | –0.008 | –0.013 |
| (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.007) | (0.009) | |
| Firstborn twin | –0.042*** | –0.066*** | –0.037*** | 0.001 |
| (0.005) | (0.008) | (0.007) | (0.009) | |
| Constant | 0.209*** | 0.280*** | 0.189*** | 0.098*** |
| (0.004) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.008) | |
| Number of observations | 17,963 | 7,124 | 7,533 | 3,306 |
| R2 | .009 | .018 | .007 | .001 |
| Number of families | 8,988 | 3,566 | 3,767 | 1,655 |
| Baseline male mortality | 0.185 | 0.243 | 0.169 | 0.099 |
Notes: Estimates use pooled data from the Indian National Family Health Survey (1992–1993, 1998–1999, 2005–2006, 2015–2016) and the Demographic and Health Surveys in Africa. See Table A1 in the online appendix for full list of SSA countries and survey waves. Analysis were conducted in STATA 15. Bold numbers indicate a statistically significant (p < .05) difference between the birth cohort in question and the first birth cohort (i.e., born before 1995).
**p < .01; ***p < .001